Somo 1Dawa na dressing kati ya miadi (calcium hydroxide): dalili na protokoliSehemu hii inaeleza dalili za dawa kati ya miadi, ikilenga kwenye calcium hydroxide. Inashughulikia mbinu za kuweka, wakati wa mawasiliano, vifaa vya dressing, sealing ya muda, na protokoli za retreatment au exudation inayoendelea.
Indications for calcium hydroxide useMixing and placement techniquesDuration of intracanal medicationManagement of persistent exudationDressings in retreatment casesRemoval of calcium hydroxide before fillSomo 2Msingi wa irrigation: concentration ya sodium hypochlorite na activation (ultrasonic, sonic), matumizi ya EDTA, usalama wa irrigationSehemu hii inaangalia malengo ya irrigation, concentrations za sodium hypochlorite, na matumizi ya EDTA. Inaeleza uchaguzi wa sindano, mbinu za activation kama ultrasonic na sonic, sequences za irrigation, na hatua za usalama ili kuzuia extrusion na ajali.
Biologic goals of root canal irrigationSodium hypochlorite concentration choicesEDTA timing and smear layer removalNeedle design and irrigation depthUltrasonic and sonic activation methodsPreventing irrigant extrusion accidentsSomo 3Isolation ya rubber dam: mbinu kwa meno ya nyuma, uchaguzi wa clamps, na utatuzi wa isolationSehemu hii inaangalia vifaa vya rubber dam, uchaguzi wa clamp, na mbinu za isolation kwa meno ya nyuma. Inashughulikia changamoto za kawaida kama meno yaliyowekwa vibaya, crowns zilizovunjika, na ufunguzi mdogo, pamoja na vidokezo kwa faraja na usalama wa mgonjwa.
Rubber dam components and setupClamp selection for molars and premolarsPunching and placing dam for quadrantsIsolation in broken or carious crownsManaging limited mouth openingPreventing leakage and soft tissue injurySomo 4Kubaini working length: matumizi ya apex locator, uthibitisho wa radiographic, kushughulikia morphology ya mizizi isiyo ya kawaidaSehemu hii inashughulikia dhana za working length, kanuni za apex locator, na matumizi ya kliniki ya hatua kwa hatua. Inajumuisha uthibitisho wa radiographic, utatuzi wa readings zisizolingana, na kukubali mbinu kwa resorption, apices zilizo wazi, na fomu ngumu za mizizi.
Apical constriction and reference pointsApex locator setup and calibrationClinical steps with apex locatorsRadiographic verification techniquesManaging open apices and resorptionTroubleshooting erratic readingsSomo 5Mikakati ya eneo la njia: maarifa ya anatomia ya mesial root, maeneo ya groove, ultrasonics kwa troughingSehemu hii inalenga eneo la kimfumo la njia kwa kutumia maarifa ya anatomia ya mizizi na grooves. Inaangazia alama za mesial root, matumizi ya ultrasonics kwa troughing, staining na magnification, na mkakati wa kuepuka perforation wakati wa kutafuta.
Anatomic landmarks in mandibular molarsMesial root and groove orientationTroughing with ultrasonics safelyUse of dyes and magnification aidsManaging calcified chamber floorsAvoiding strip and furcation perforationSomo 6Magnification na illumination: uchaguzi na ergonomiki ya loupes dhidi ya operating microscope, faida za vitendoSehemu hii inajadili uchaguzi na matumizi ya ergonomiki ya loupes na operating microscopes. Inashughulikia viwango vya magnification, chaguzi za illumination, posture, na jinsi maono bora yanavyoboresha eneo la njia, utambuzi wa crack, na usahihi wa matibabu kwa ujumla.
Choosing magnification levels and opticsLoupes versus operating microscopeCoaxial illumination and light settingsErgonomic positioning and postureUsing magnification for canal locationMaintenance and infection controlSomo 7Mbinu za obturation kwa njia za molar: warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, single cone na sealer—vigezo vya uchaguziSehemu hii inalinganisha mbinu za obturation kwa njia za molar, ikijumuisha warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, na single cone na sealer ya bioceramic. Inashughulikia uchaguzi wa kesi, vifaa, na hatua za kufikia fills zenye density, za nadimi tatu.
Criteria for timing of obturationWarm vertical compaction workflowCarrier-based obturation indicationsSingle cone with bioceramic sealerRadiographic evaluation of obturationManaging voids and underfillsSomo 8Coronal seal na provisional restoration: vifaa na mbinu za kuzuia maambukizi tenaSehemu hii inaeleza kanuni za coronal sealing baada ya tiba ya endodontiki. Inaangalia vifaa vya provisional, mbinu za restoration ya access, mkakati wa kuzuia microleakage, na jinsi seals za muda na za uhakika zinavyoathiri matokeo ya muda mrefu.
Importance of immediate coronal sealSelection of temporary materialsTechniques for sealing access cavitiesPreventing microleakage and washoutTransition to definitive restorationsManaging lost or failed temporariesSomo 9Udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu: kutafuta na kujadiliana na njia za ziada, mbinu za kusafisha isthmusSehemu hii inashughulikia utambuzi na udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu ya root canal. Inashughulikia kutafuta njia za ziada, mikakati ya kusafisha isthmus, matumizi ya CBCT na magnification, na marekebisho ya shaping ili kudumisha patency na kuepuka uharibifu wa iatrogenic.
Identifying teeth prone to extra canalsUse of CBCT for anatomic assessmentTroughing with ultrasonics for MB2Isthmus cleaning and activation methodsGlide path in severely curved canalsBypassing ledges and blockages safelySomo 10Upangaji wa restorative baada ya endodontiki: core build-up, cuspal coverage, wakati wa restoration ya kudumuSehemu hii inalenga upangaji wa restorative ya uhakika baada ya tiba ya root canal. Inashughulikia vifaa vya core build-up, posts wakati inaonyeshwa, maamuzi ya cuspal coverage, wakati wa crowns, na jinsi muundo wa restorative unavyoathiri maisha ya jino ya muda mrefu.
Assessing remaining tooth structureCore build-up materials and techniquesIndications for post placementCuspal coverage versus direct restorationsTiming of permanent restorationsCommunication with restorative dentistSomo 11Protokoli za shaping: kuunda glide path, mkono dhidi ya rotary dhidi ya reciprocating systems, sequencing na mipangilio ya torque/speedSehemu hii inaeleza kuunda glide path na kulinganisha mifumo ya mkono, rotary, na reciprocating. Inashughulikia sequencing, mipangilio ya torque na kasi, na mkakati wa kupunguza makosa ya taratibu huku ikihifadhi dentin na anatomia ya njia.
Manual glide path creation stepsRotary glide path file selectionReciprocating systems indicationsRecommended torque and speed rangesSequencing for curved canalsAvoiding ledges, zips, and transportationSomo 12Chaguzi za anesthesia kwa mandibular molars: inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltration, intraosseous, mbinu za ziadaSehemu hii inaangalia mikakati ya anesthesia kwa mandibular molars, ikijumuisha inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltrations za buccal na lingual, intraosseous na intraligamentary injections, na mbinu za ziada kwa meno ya moto na kushindwa.
Inferior alveolar nerve block protocolBuccal and lingual infiltration techniquesIntraosseous injection indicationsIntraligamentary and intrapulpal useManaging hot teeth and failed blocksAnesthetic selection and bufferingSomo 13Maandalizi ya access cavity: outlines, vyombo, kuzuia gouging na perforationSehemu hii inaelezea muundo wa access cavity kwa vikundi tofauti vya meno, ikijumuisha fomu za outline na udhibiti wa kina. Inaangalia burs na ultrasonic tips, mkakati wa kutafuta njia kwa usalama, na mbinu za kuzuia gouging, perforation, na njia zilizokosa.
Occlusal and lingual outline principlesBur selection and depth orientationUltrasonic refinement of access wallsLocating canal orifices safelyPreventing gouging and perforationManaging calcified or tilted teeth
