Lesson 1Geomorphological natural hazards: floodplain inundation, slope instability, gully erosion, and mass-movement typesThis section explores geomorphological hazards such as floods, landslides, gully erosion, and mass movements common in India. Students link triggering factors, terrain controls, and land use to hazard mapping, risk assessment, and mitigation strategies.
Floodplain zoning and inundation mappingSlope instability factors and indicatorsGully initiation and headcut migrationTypes of landslides and mass movementsRainfall thresholds and triggering eventsHazard mapping and mitigation planningLesson 2Relief and slope analysis: hillshading, slope gradient, aspect, and implications for erosion and landslidesThis section covers digital elevation models, hillshading, slope, and aspect analysis to interpret relief in Indian terrains. Learners link terrain metrics to erosion, landslide susceptibility, drainage development, and infrastructure planning in varied geomorphic settings.
Sources and quality of elevation dataHillshade visualization and landform readingSlope gradient classes and mappingAspect patterns and microclimate effectsTopographic controls on erosion ratesSlope thresholds for landslide hazardsLesson 3River basin morphology and drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, radial, antecedent systemsThis section examines drainage basin form, hierarchy, and planform patterns such as dendritic, trellis, and radial systems seen in Indian river basins. Students relate drainage geometry to lithology, structure, relief, and long-term landscape evolution.
Watershed boundaries and stream orderDendritic, trellis, radial, and parallel patternsStructural and lithologic controls on drainageLongitudinal profiles and knickpointsBasin shape, relief, and hydrologic responseDrainage evolution and river captureLesson 4Geological mapping and bedrock units: lithologies, stratigraphy, structural controls on topographyThis section introduces geological mapping of bedrock units, focusing on lithology, stratigraphy, and structural features across India. Learners interpret how folds, faults, and rock strength influence topography, drainage, and resource or hazard distribution.
Reading geological maps and legendsLithologic units and rock strength contrastsStratigraphic sequences and key contactsFaults, folds, and fracture networksStructural control on ridges and valleysLinking bedrock to resources and hazardsLesson 5Fluvial processes: channel dynamics, sediment transport, deposition, river meandering and avulsionThis section covers fluvial processes shaping channels, including flow regimes, sediment transport, and bar formation in Indian rivers. Learners analyse meandering, braiding, avulsion, and floodplain building, linking process to channel pattern and management.
Flow regimes and channel hydraulicsBedload, suspended load, and wash loadChannel patterns: straight, meandering, braidedPoint bars, levees, and overbank depositsMeander migration and cutoff formationAvulsion, anabranching, and channel managementLesson 6Climate controls on hydrology: precipitation regimes, seasonality, evapotranspiration, and drought indicesThis section explains how atmospheric circulation, moisture sources, and surface conditions control precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and drought in India. Learners relate climate indices to hydrologic regimes and water availability in diverse regions.
Global circulation and moisture transportPrecipitation seasonality and intensity patternsPotential and actual evapotranspirationSoil moisture balance and runoff responseDrought indices and hydrologic droughtClimate variability and change impactsLesson 7Practical datasets and sources: national geological surveys, global DEMs (SRTM, ASTER), geological map repositories, and climate datasets (CRU, CHIRPS)This section presents key open datasets for physical geography and geology relevant to India, including DEMs, geological maps, and climate products. Learners evaluate resolution, accuracy, and metadata, and practise combining sources for regional landscape analysis.
Global and regional DEM productsNational geological survey map portalsOnline geological map repositoriesGridded climate datasets and indicesData resolution, accuracy, and metadataIntegrating multi-source datasets in GISLesson 8Remote sensing basics for physical features: using satellite imagery to identify landforms, river channels, and vegetation coverThis section introduces satellite sensors, resolutions, and spectral bands used to map physical features in India. Students learn to interpret imagery for landforms, drainage, vegetation, and surface moisture, and to recognise common processing artefacts and limitations.
Optical vs radar sensors and resolutionsSpectral signatures of water, soil, and rockIdentifying major landforms from imageryMapping river channels and floodplainsVegetation indices and canopy conditionCommon image corrections and artifactsLesson 9Surficial deposits and soils: alluvium, colluvium, weathered bedrock, soil classification and fertilityThis section examines surficial deposits and soils, including alluvium, colluvium, and weathered bedrock in Indian contexts. Students relate parent material, texture, and structure to soil classification, fertility, drainage, and land use suitability across landscapes.
Alluvial, colluvial, and residual materialsWeathering profiles and regolith formationSoil horizons, texture, and structureMajor soil classification systemsSoil fertility, nutrients, and limitationsSoil erosion risk and conservation needs
