Lesson 1White-matter pathways: arcuate fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus — roles in repetition and integrationThis section studies main white-matter bundles, including arcuate, uncinate, and superior longitudinal fasciculi, describing their layout, connections, and roles in repeating, word-meaning linking, and upper-lower language streams.
Arcuate fasciculus and repetition circuitrySuperior longitudinal fasciculus and dorsal streamUncinate fasciculus and semantic integrationInferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in readingDisconnection syndromes and conduction aphasiaLesson 2Auditory processing pathway for speech perception: from cochlea to brainstem nuclei to primary auditory cortex and higher-order processingThis section traces the hearing pathway for speech, from inner ear through brainstem centres and thalamus to main and higher hearing areas, detailing time and frequency analysis, sound mapping, and early speech-non-speech distinction.
Cochlear transduction and frequency decompositionBrainstem nuclei and binaural processingMedial geniculate body and thalamic gatingPrimary auditory cortex and phonemic encodingSecondary auditory areas and speech–nonspeech parsingLesson 3Stepwise neural sequence when hearing a question and answering aloud: auditory decoding, comprehension, formulation, motor planning, execution, and feedback monitoringThis section follows the brain sequence from hearing a question to replying aloud, covering sound decoding, understanding, idea forming, word picking, movement planning, doing, and checking across brain networks.
Auditory decoding of the spoken questionSyntactic and semantic comprehension stagesConceptualization and message formulationPhonological encoding and motor planningExecution, monitoring, and error correctionLesson 4Primary sensorimotor cortices: primary motor cortex (speech motor areas), primary somatosensory cortex, primary auditory cortexThis section reviews main movement, touch, and hearing brain areas, stressing their cell structure, body mapping and sound mapping, and how these support speech movements, feedback, and linking with higher language areas.
Somatotopy of the primary motor speech areasOrofacial representation in primary somatosensory cortexTonotopic maps in primary auditory cortexCortical columns and cytoarchitecture in M1 and S1Integration of sensory feedback during articulationLesson 5Right hemisphere contributions: prosody, pragmatics, discourse-level processing, visuo-spatial and affective aspectsThis section looks at right brain roles in rhythm, practical use, conversation processing, space-visual and emotion handling, stressing brain-half teamwork and issues from right brain damage affecting talk.
Acoustic and linguistic prosody processingPragmatic inference and conversational implicatureDiscourse macrostructure and coherence buildingVisuospatial context in communication cuesAffective prosody and emotional interpretationLesson 6Association and multimodal regions: inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, angular and supramarginal gyriThis section focuses on linking and multi-sense brain areas, including lower frontal, upper temporal, angular, and supramarginal folds, explaining roles in sound structure, meaning, sentence building, reading, and sense mixing for language.
Inferior frontal gyrus and phonological working memorySuperior temporal gyrus and lexical accessAngular gyrus in semantic and conceptual integrationSupramarginal gyrus in phonological mappingMultimodal convergence and reading networksLesson 7Neural control of speech motor output: cortical planning, corticobulbar tracts, cranial nerve nuclei (V, VII, IX, X, XII) and motor executionThis section explains brain control of speech movements, from outer brain planning through nerve tracts to head nerve centres, detailing movement doing, reflex adjustment, and feedback for smooth, clear speech.
Cortical planning in premotor and SMA regionsCorticobulbar tract organization and lateralityCranial nerve nuclei for speech musculatureMotor execution and articulatory timingAuditory and somatosensory feedback controlLesson 8Subcortical structures and cerebellum: basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellar contributions to speech timing, motor learning and prosodyThis section explores deep brain, thalamus, and cerebellum in speech, stressing timing, movement learning, rhythm, and starting, linking issues to slurred speech, stammering, weak voice, and unsteady speech patterns.
Basal ganglia loops and speech initiationThalamic relay and modulation of language signalsCerebellar timing and articulatory coordinationMotor learning and adaptation in speechSubcortical contributions to prosody controlLesson 9Cortical language centers: Broca’s area (anatomical boundaries, cytoarchitecture) and Wernicke’s areaThis section details outer brain language centres, stressing Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, their borders, cell structure, connections, and unique roles in speech planning, sentence structure, word access, and understanding.
Anatomical boundaries of Broca’s areaCytoarchitecture of inferior frontal language cortexAnatomical boundaries of Wernicke’s areaPosterior temporal cortex and lexical semanticsFunctional connectivity between Broca and Wernicke
