Lesson 1Mechanisms of ACL injury: biomechanics of cutting/pivoting, typical force vectors, pivot shift phenomenonAnalyses biomechanics of cutting, pivoting, and landing that overload the ACL. Details valgus, internal rotation, and anterior shear forces, the pivot shift phenomenon, and how limb alignment and neuromuscular control modify risk in athletes.
Knee loading during cutting and pivoting tasksValgus and internal rotation force vectorsQuadriceps-driven anterior tibial shear forcesPivot shift phenomenon and rotatory instabilityInfluence of alignment and neuromuscular controlLesson 2Collateral ligaments and posterolateral corner: MCL, LCL, posterolateral structures and their contribution to rotatory stabilityExamines medial and lateral collateral ligaments and posterolateral corner structures. Describes their anatomy, roles in varus-valgus and rotatory stability, injury patterns, and how combined damage alters ACL function and exam findings.
Superficial and deep MCL anatomy and functionLCL course, attachments, and palpation landmarksKey posterolateral corner structuresVarus–valgus and rotatory stability contributionsPatterns and grading of collateral complex injuryLesson 3Neurovascular structures around the knee relevant to examination and complicationsDetails major nerves and vessels crossing the knee, their surface landmarks, and vulnerability during acute injury or swelling. Covers exam techniques, red-flag findings, and how anatomy guides urgent referral and imaging decisions.
Course of popliteal artery and genicular branchesTibial and common peroneal nerve surface landmarksNeurovascular exam after acute knee traumaCompartment syndrome and ischemia warning signsIatrogenic neurovascular risks during proceduresLesson 4Knee joint osteology and articulations: femur, tibia, patella, tibiofemoral and patellofemoral biomechanicsOutlines femur, tibia, and patella osteology and joint surfaces. Explains tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articulations, contact areas, and alignment, linking these features to load distribution, instability patterns, and non-contact injury risk.
Distal femur condyles and intercondylar notchProximal tibia plateaus and tibial spine anatomyPatellar facets and trochlear groove morphologyTibiofemoral kinematics in flexion and rotationPatellofemoral tracking and contact mechanicsLesson 5Clinical presentation and signs of ACL tear: history features (pop, rapid swelling), Lachman, anterior drawer, pivot shift—interpretation and pitfallsCovers key historical clues and physical exam manoeuvres for ACL tears. Explains interpretation of Lachman, anterior drawer, and pivot shift tests, common pitfalls, and how swelling, guarding, and associated injuries affect findings.
History: pop, swelling, and giving-way episodesInspection and effusion assessment techniquesPerforming and grading the Lachman testAnterior drawer and pivot shift interpretationCommon pitfalls and false negative scenariosLesson 6Common non-ligamentous soft tissues: joint capsule, synovium, fat pad, bursae and their role in effusion and painDescribes the joint capsule, synovium, fat pads, and bursae around the knee. Explains how these structures generate pain, effusion, and mechanical symptoms, and how they are affected in acute non-contact injuries and post-injury swelling.
Capsular reflections and recesses of the kneeSynovial folds, plicae, and effusion pathwaysInfrapatellar and suprapatellar fat pad anatomyMajor bursae and patterns of bursitisSoft tissue contributors to anterior knee painLesson 7Primary knee ligaments: ACL, PCL—fiber orientation, attachment sites, functional roles in stabilityDetails ACL and PCL fibre bundles, origins, and insertions, and their roles in controlling translation and rotation. Links anatomic features to injury mechanisms, clinical tests, and implications for reconstruction tunnel placement.
ACL anteromedial and posterolateral bundlesPCL anterolateral and posteromedial bundlesTibial and femoral attachment site landmarksRoles in anterior, posterior, and rotatory controlAnatomic considerations for graft tunnel placementLesson 8Key anatomical resources and standards: recommended anatomy texts, MRI knee atlases, and consensus guidelines for ACL management relevant to clinical reasoningSummarises high-yield anatomy texts, atlases, and consensus guidelines that support ACL-related decision making. Emphasises how to use these resources to refine imaging interpretation, surgical planning, and rehabilitation reasoning.
Core knee anatomy and sports medicine textbooksMRI knee atlases and online image repositoriesConsensus statements on ACL evaluationGuidelines for ACL reconstruction and rehabStrategies for integrating evidence into practiceLesson 9Imaging correlation for ACL injuries: MRI anatomy of ACL on standard sequences, common MRI signs (fiber discontinuity, edema, bone bruise), when X-ray is usefulFocuses on MRI appearance of the ACL on common sequences and planes. Reviews direct and indirect MRI signs of tear, typical bone bruise patterns, and when plain radiographs are essential to detect fractures or avulsion injuries.
Normal ACL appearance on sagittal MRIPrimary MRI signs of partial and complete tearsIndirect MRI signs and pivot shift bone bruisesRole of X-ray in acute ACL-related traumaCommon MRI pitfalls and normal variantsLesson 10Menisci anatomy and attachments: medial and lateral meniscus shape, coronary ligaments, meniscotibial and meniscofemoral attachmentsReviews medial and lateral meniscal morphology, horn attachments, and capsular connections. Explains coronary ligaments, meniscotibial and meniscofemoral attachments, and how these structures influence tear patterns, stability, and healing potential.
Medial versus lateral meniscus shape and mobilityAnterior and posterior horn tibial insertionsCoronary ligaments and capsular attachmentsMeniscotibial and meniscofemoral ligament anatomyAnatomic basis of common meniscal tear patternsLesson 11Rehabilitation priorities from anatomic perspective: restoring quad/hamstring balance, neuromuscular control, proprioception, graft considerations and return-to-sport criteriaTranslates anatomy into rehabilitation priorities after ACL injury or reconstruction. Addresses quadriceps-hamstring balance, neuromuscular control, proprioception, graft protection, and objective, anatomy-informed return-to-sport criteria.
Restoring quadriceps and hamstring strength balanceNeuromuscular and movement pattern retrainingProprioceptive and dynamic stability drillsGraft healing timelines and load progressionObjective criteria for return-to-sport clearanceLesson 12Associated injury patterns: medial meniscal tears, MCL injury, bone bruises—anatomic rationale and frequencyExplores how ACL rupture commonly coexists with medial meniscal tears, MCL sprain, and bone bruises. Emphasises anatomic load sharing, typical bone bruise patterns, and how these injury clusters inform prognosis and imaging choices.
Load sharing between ACL, MCL, and medial meniscusTypical bone bruise locations on femur and tibiaPatterns in valgus collapse and pivoting mechanismsImaging clues to combined ligament–meniscal injuryPrognostic impact of associated structural damageLesson 13Immediate management guided by anatomy: indications for immobilization, weight-bearing decisions, urgent imaging, neurovascular checksConnects surface anatomy with early sideline and emergency decisions. Covers indications for immobilisation, protected weight bearing, urgent imaging, and serial neurovascular checks, emphasising anatomy-based risk stratification and documentation.
When to immobilize versus allow early motionWeight-bearing decisions based on injured structuresIndications for urgent versus routine imagingSerial neurovascular checks and documentationRecognizing red flags requiring emergency referral
