Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingCovers earthing system design including grids, rods, and bonding. Includes soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential method, touch and step potentials, and oversight of regular testing and remedial measures.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingDetails dry-type transformer construction, insulation, and cooling. Discusses losses, temperature rise, derating for altitude and harmonics, and checks for dust, hot spots, and loose connections.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionExplains DC systems for substations including batteries, chargers, and distribution. Covers battery types, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, redundancy, and maintenance records oversight.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsCovers HVAC and ventilation for transformer and control rooms, heat load, airflow, filtration. Includes redundancy, monitoring, alarms, cleaning, filter replacement, and performance verification.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduces relay types in transformer substations like overcurrent, differential, Buchholz. Covers logic, settings check, trip coordination, testing oversight, records, and change management.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsExplains reading single-line diagrams, bus arrangements, substation layouts. Focuses on power flow, isolation points, equipment locations for safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReviews MV and LV breaker types: vacuum, SF6, air. Covers mechanisms, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, inspections, timing tests, lubrication, and interlock checks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationCovers power transformer ratings, impedance, vector groups, ONAN/ONAF cooling. Details OLTC parts, tap selector, diverter, control, inspections, oil tests, tap checks.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksExplains CT/VT functions, accuracy, burden, polarity, wiring, isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio/phase verification, testing oversight, and documentation.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersCovers oil handling for power transformers: storage, filtration, filling. Addresses contamination, safety, spill control, contractor oversight, test reports, procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduces HMI/SCADA for monitoring, control, alarms. Covers architecture, comms, screens, alarm handling, logs, access oversight, configuration changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Key IEC, IEEE, local standards for design, equipment, maintenance. Supervisor roles in compliance, documentation, audits, code updates management.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
