Lesson 1Patient consent and explanation: describing IV contrast risks and benefits and breath-hold requirementsTeaches getting informed consent for IV contrast CT, clearly stating benefits, risks, and options, while guiding staff to explain breath-holds, ease worries, and ensure patient grasp before scanning in Eritrean hospitals.
Explaining purpose of CT for suspected appendicitisDiscussing IV contrast benefits and diagnostic valueOutlining common and rare contrast-related risksDescribing breath-hold steps and practice runsChecking patient understanding and answering questionsLesson 2Safety during contrast administration: monitoring for immediate reactions, emergency drug availability, and post-contrast observationEmphasizes safe contrast giving, including watch during injection, spotting early allergy or leaks, ready emergency drugs and tools, and after-contrast monitoring in Eritrean CT suites.
Baseline assessment before contrast injectionMonitoring patient during injection and scanRecognizing and managing acute reactionsDetecting and handling contrast extravasationPost-contrast observation and discharge adviceLesson 3Contrast timing and phases: portal venous phase timing for appendicitis, bolus tracking basics, and enteric/oral contrast considerationsCovers portal venous phase timing for appendicitis CT, basics of bolus tracking and test doses, and when oral or gut contrast helps or not, including local choices and patient tolerance in Eritrea.
Portal venous phase timing for appendicitisBolus tracking setup and trigger thresholdsFixed delay versus bolus tracking approachesRole of oral contrast in suspected appendicitisManaging patients unable to tolerate oral contrastLesson 4Pre-scan screening for contrast contraindications: allergy history, metformin advice, and renal impairment managementHandles pre-scan checks for IV contrast safety, covering allergy past, reactions, metformin use, kidney issues, eGFR limits, and when to consult radiology or kidney experts before contrast CT in Eritrea.
Taking detailed contrast allergy historyHandling prior mild versus severe reactionsAssessing renal function and eGFR thresholdsMetformin use and withholding recommendationsWhen to seek radiologist or nephrologist inputLesson 5Verifying CT request and identity: pregnancy screening, recent contrast reactions, and renal function checks (eGFR threshold considerations)Details checking CT request, patient identity, and pregnancy, plus past contrast reactions and kidney function, ensuring eGFR and risks are noted before IV contrast CT in Eritrean practice.
Confirming patient identity with two identifiersReviewing clinical indication and CT request formPregnancy screening and documentation stepsChecking prior contrast reactions and notesReviewing eGFR and recent renal function testsLesson 6Motion management and breath-hold technique for optimal image qualityTeaches ways to cut motion issues, including breath-hold practice, timing with scanner, handling breathless or hurting patients, and using light breathing or compromise methods when required in Eritrea.
Pre-scan coaching and practice breath-holdsStandard breath-hold commands and timingManaging patients with pain or limited cooperationStrategies for shallow breathing acquisitionsRecognizing and reducing motion artifactsLesson 7Acquisition parameters: kVp, automated mA modulation, slice thickness, and reconstruction kernels for abdominal CTReviews main acquisition settings for abdominal CT, like kVp choice, auto mA adjustment, pitch, rotation time, slice size, and rebuild kernels, stressing effects on noise, detail, and diagnosis trust in Eritrea.
Choosing kVp based on size and indicationSetting pitch and rotation time appropriatelyAutomated mA modulation configurationSelecting slice thickness and reconstruction intervalSoft tissue and high-resolution kernel choicesLesson 8Radiation dose optimization: dose-length product (DLP) awareness, iterative reconstruction, and protocol tailoring for adult patientsAims at lowering radiation dose while keeping diagnosis quality, explaining CTDIvol and DLP, auto exposure use, iterative rebuild, protocol fitting for body type, and dose record noting in Eritrean CT.
Understanding CTDIvol and DLP on the consoleUsing automated tube current modulation safelySelecting appropriate kVp for adult patientsApplying iterative reconstruction to reduce noiseAdjusting protocol for BMI and clinical questionLesson 9Special patient considerations: obesity, claustrophobia, and analgesia needs for painful abdominal patientsHandles adjusting CT for special groups like obese, fearful of enclosed spaces, or very painful patients, with plans for table limits, view field, comfort, anxiety relief, and safe pain relief coordination in Eritrea.
Technical challenges in obese patientsAdjusting FOV and dose for large body habitusManaging claustrophobia and anxiety in CTPositioning painful patients with appendicitisCoordinating analgesia and sedation if neededLesson 10IV access and contrast selection: contrast types (nonionic iodinated), typical volumes and concentrations for abdominal CT, and injection ratesExplains picking nonionic iodinated contrast, usual amounts and strengths for adult abdominal CT, IV needle size and spot choice, and injection speeds and pressures for portal venous imaging in Eritrea.
Choosing nonionic iodinated contrast agentsStandard volume and concentration for adultsSelecting IV cannula gauge and insertion siteSetting injection rate and pressure limitsChecking IV patency before injection startLesson 11Scan protocol and positioning: supine positioning, scan range for appendicitis, and arms-up considerationsDetails right supine placement, arm position, and scan area for appendicitis CT, covering from diaphragm to pubic bone, table centering, and ways to cut artifacts and boost comfort and repeat ease in Eritrea.
Supine positioning and table height alignmentArms-up versus arms-down: pros and consDefining scan range for suspected appendicitisCentering to isocenter and avoiding gantry collisionPadding, straps, and comfort aids for stabilityLesson 12PACS reporting workflow and urgent communication: how to mark study for radiologist read and communicate suspected complications (perforation, abscess) to the clinical teamOutlines sending studies to PACS correctly, urgency marking, and ensuring radiologist knows of possible issues, plus structured talks with clinicians on perforation, abscess, or infection worries in Eritrean workflow.
Correctly labeling and sending series to PACSMarking studies as urgent or stat in the systemAdding key clinical details in technologist notesEscalating suspected perforation or abscessDocumenting verbal communication with cliniciansLesson 13Image review and quality check: evaluating contrast opacification, breathing motion artifacts, and repeat criteriaTeaches systematic image checks for technical fit, including contrast filling of gut and vessels, motion or line artifacts, appendix area coverage, and rules for redoing or adding scans in Eritrea.
Checking scan range and anatomic coverageAssessing portal venous enhancement qualityIdentifying breathing and motion artifactsEvaluating noise, streaks, and beam-hardeningDeciding when repeat or extra series is needed
