Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingLooks at grounding system design, like grids, rods, and bonding. Includes soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential, touch and step potentials, and overseeing regular testing and fixes.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingLooks at dry-type transformer build, insulation, and cooling paths. Covers loss causes, heat rise, derating for height and harmonics, and check points for dust, hot spots, and loose links.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionDescribes DC systems for substations, like battery banks, chargers, and DC distribution. Covers battery kinds, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, backups, and overseeing records and plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsExplains cooling and air needs for transformer and control rooms, including heat load, air flow, and filters. Covers backups, monitoring, alarms, and overseeing cleaning, filter changes, and checks.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduces relay types in transformer substations, like overcurrent, differential, and Buchholz protection. Covers logic diagrams, settings check, trip coordination, and overseeing tests, records, and changes.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsCovers reading single-line diagrams, bus setups, and substation plans. Focuses on power flow, isolation points, and equipment spots to aid safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReviews medium- and low-voltage breaker types, like vacuum, SF6, and air. Explains operating parts, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, and overseeing checks, timing tests, lubrication, and interlocks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetails power transformer ratings, impedance, and vector groups, focusing on ONAN and ONAF cooling. Explains OLTC parts, tap selector and diverter, control logic, and overseeing checks, oil tests, and tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCovers CT and VT roles, accuracy classes, and burden limits, stressing right polarity, wiring, and isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio and phase checks, and overseeing tests and records.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersDescribes oil handling for power transformers, like storage, filtration, and filling. Addresses contamination risks, safety steps, spill control, and overseeing contractors, test reports, and procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduces HMI and SCADA for substation monitoring, control, and alarms. Covers basic setups, communication links, common screens, alarm handling, event logs, and overseeing access and changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Summarises key IEC, IEEE, and local standards for substation design, equipment, and maintenance. Stresses supervisor roles in compliance, records, audits, and handling code updates.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
