1-darsXotira tahlili: free -m, /proc/meminfo, slabtop, smem — ishlatilgan va mavjud xotira hamda swap xatti-harakatlarini talqin qilishBu yerda siz free, /proc/meminfo, slabtop va smem yordamida xotira xatti-harakatlarini tahlil qilasiz. Bo‘lim Linux keshlash, buferlar va qayta tiklash, swap sarfini talqin qilish va xotira oqishi, fragmentatsiya va noto‘g‘ri sozlangan chegaralarni aniqlashni tushuntiradi.
Reading free -m and understanding cached memoryKey fields in /proc/meminfo for diagnosisUsing slabtop to inspect kernel slab usageUsing smem to attribute memory per processRecognizing swap thrashing and OOM risks2-darsTarmoq sarfi va tiqilishlari: iftop, nload, ss, netstat, ip -s link, tc, tcpdump — tarmoq to‘yinganligi va muammoli ulanishlarni aniqlashUshbu bo‘lim iftop, nload, ss, ip, tc va tcpdump yordamida tarmoq sarfi va tiqilishlarini tashxislashni qamrab oladi. Siz to‘yinganlik, shovqinli qo‘shnilar, ulanish holatlari va sekin ilovalarga hissa qo‘shadigan paket darajasidagi muammolarni aniqlashni o‘rganasiz.
Monitoring live bandwidth with iftop and nloadInspecting sockets and states with ssUsing ip -s link to view interface errorsBasics of tc for shaping and rate limitingTargeted packet capture with tcpdump3-darsSaqlash kechikishi va chuqur I/O: blktrace, bpftrace (oddiy skriptlar), fio testlari uchun — kechikish va o‘tkazuvchanlikni o‘lchash va talqin qilishUshbu bo‘lim blktrace, oddiy bpftrace skriptlari va fio benchmarklari yordamida saqlash kechikishi va chuqur I/O tahlilini qamrab oladi. Siz kechikish va o‘tkazuvchanlikni o‘lchash, navbat chuqurligini talqin qilish va qurilma chegaralarini ish yukidagi muammolardan ajratishni o‘rganasiz.
Understanding latency, IOPS, and throughputUsing blktrace to inspect block I/O patternsIntroductory bpftrace scripts for disk latencyDesigning fio workloads that mimic productionReading fio reports and spotting bottlenecks4-darsJarayon tekshiruvi: ps, top/htop filtrlari, pgrep, pidstat, nice/renice — CPU va xotira og‘ir jarayonlarni topishSiz ps, top yoki htop filtrlari, pgrep, pidstat va nice yoki renice yordamida jarayonlarni tekshirishni o‘rganasiz. Bo‘lim CPU va xotira og‘ir vazifalarni aniqlash, jarayon bo‘yicha I/O ni kuzatish va raqobatni kamaytirish uchun ustuvorliklarni sozlashni ko‘rsatadi.
Listing and filtering processes with psUsing pgrep and pkill safely and preciselyUsing pidstat for per process CPU and I/OFiltering top and htop by user or resourceAdjusting priorities with nice and renice5-darsTizim resurslari umumiy ko‘rinishi: top, htop, vmstat, mpstat, dstat — har biri nimani ko‘rsatadi va kutilgan chiqish naqshlariBu yerda siz top, htop, vmstat, mpstat va dstat kabi vositalar yordamida tizim bo‘yicha resurs rasmlarini o‘qishni o‘rganasiz. Bo‘lim CPU, xotira va yuk metrikalarini tushunish va normaldan patologik sarf naqshlarini aniqlashga e’tibor qaratadi.
Key CPU, load, and memory fields in topUsing htop for interactive process analysisvmstat for run queue, swap, and I/O insightmpstat for per-CPU utilization and steal timedstat for combined multi-resource timelines6-darsDisk I/O va fayl tizimi tekshiruvlari: iostat, iotop, sar -d, lsblk, df -h, du -sh, tune2fs, xfs_info — I/O tiqilishlari va kam joyni aniqlashUshbu bo‘lim iostat, iotop, sar -d, lsblk, df, du, tune2fs va xfs_info yordamida disk I/O va fayl tizimi salomatligiga e’tibor qaratadi. Siz to‘yinganlik, navbat to‘planishi, fayl tizimi xatolari va ishlashni pasaytiruvchi kam joy sharoitlarini aniqlashni o‘rganasiz.
Using iostat to spot busy and slow devicesUsing iotop to find I/O heavy processessar -d for historical disk utilization trendsChecking layout and types with lsblk and dfFinding space hogs with du and inode checks7-darsTizim jurnallari va journaling: journalctl (systemd), /var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, auth jurnallari — nimani qidirish va nima uchunUshbu bo‘lim systemd journalctl va /var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog va autentifikatsiya jurnallari kabi klassik jurnal fayllaridan foydalanishni tushuntiradi. Siz qidirish naqshlarini, shovqinlarni filtrlash va jurnallar asosiy sabab tahlilini qo‘llab-quvvatlashni o‘rganasiz.
journalctl basics and useful filtering optionsReading /var/log/messages and /var/log/syslogFinding errors, warnings, and rate-limited eventsAnalyzing authentication and sudo related logsCorrelating log timestamps with incidents8-darsVaqtga asoslangan va tarixiy monitoring: sar, sysstat, collectl — hodisalarni bog‘lash uchun tarixiy metrikalarni yig‘ish va o‘qishSiz sar, sysstat va collectl yordamida tarixiy metrikalarni yig‘ish va talqin qilishni o‘rganasiz. Bo‘lim ma’lumot yig‘ishni rejalashtirish, vaqt seriyasi hisobotlarini o‘qish va ishlash anomaliyalarini konfiguratsiya o‘zgarishlari yoki joylashtirishlar bilan bog‘lashni tushuntiradi.
Enabling and configuring sysstat collectionUsing sar for CPU, memory, and I/O historyReading sar network and load average trendsUsing collectl for multi-resource timelinesCorrelating metrics with change windows9-darsYadro va rejalashtiruvchi tushunchalari: dmesg, sysctl -a, /proc/sys/vm parametrlari — yadro xabarlari va sozlanadigan qiymatlar nimani ochib beradiBu yerda siz dmesg, sysctl va /proc/sys/vm parametrlari yordamida yadro va rejalashtiruvchi tushunchalarini o‘rganasiz. Bo‘lim yadro xabarlari, sozlanadigan qiymatlar va rejalashtiruvchi xatti-harakatlari apparat muammolari, noto‘g‘ri konfiguratsiyalar va sozlash opsiyalarini ochib berishini tushuntiradi.
Reading dmesg for hardware and driver issuesListing and querying sysctl tunable valuesKey /proc/sys/vm parameters for memoryScheduler related kernel parameters overviewSafely persisting kernel tuning changes10-darsAsosiy sabab aniqlashga yondashuv: muammolarni CPU, RAM, disk I/O yoki tarmoq deb tasniflash uchun bosqichma-bosqich qaror daraxtiUshbu bo‘lim asosiy sabab tahlili uchun amaliy qaror daraxtini taqdim etadi. Siz hodisalarni CPU, xotira, disk I/O yoki tarmoqqa bog‘liq deb tasniflash, har bir filialda ishlatiladigan vositalar va yig‘ilgan dalillar yordamida gipotezalarni iterativ ravishda takomillashtirishni o‘rganasiz.
Initial triage and problem statementClassifying CPU versus I/O bound symptomsDistinguishing memory pressure from leaksIdentifying network versus local bottlenecksIterative hypothesis testing with metrics
