Aralin 1Month-end at year-end closing checklist para sa accrual small business: reconciliations, cutoffs, deferred revenue, accrued liabilities, at fixed-asset rollforwardTinutukoy ang mga hakbang sa month-end at year-end close para sa accrual-basis na maliliit na negosyo, kabilang ang reconciliations, cutoff testing, deferrals, accruals, at fixed-asset rollforwards upang matiyak ang tumpak na mga financial statement at audit-ready na suporta.
Bank and credit card reconciliationsAged AR and AP review and adjustmentsRevenue and expense cutoff testingDeferred revenue and accrued expense entriesFixed‑asset rollforward and tie‑outsClose checklist, sign‑offs, and controlsAralin 2Fixed asset accounting para sa computer equipment at laptops: mga threshold sa pagkapitalisa, useful lives, depreciation (MACRS vs book), asset tagging at disposalMga detalye ng fixed-asset accounting para sa computer equipment at laptops, kabilang ang mga threshold sa pagkapitalisa, useful lives, book versus MACRS depreciation, asset tagging, disposals, at pagpapanatili ng mga schedule na nagre-reconcile sa general ledger.
Capitalization policy and thresholdsDetermining useful lives for equipmentBook versus MACRS tax depreciationFixed‑asset subledger and taggingImpairments, disposals, and write‑offsReconciling fixed assets to the GLAralin 3Payroll accounting para sa mga empleyado sa California: gross to net payroll, employer payroll taxes, payroll accruals, pagtatala ng payroll journal entries at benefitsNakatuon sa California payroll accounting mula gross to net, kabilang ang employer payroll taxes, kinakailangang withholdings, payroll accruals, at pagtatala ng payroll at benefits journal entries habang naaayon sa federal at state compliance.
Gross‑to‑net payroll calculation stepsFederal and California payroll tax withholdingsEmployer payroll tax and benefit costsPayroll accruals at month‑end and year‑endRecording payroll and benefit journal entriesReconciling payroll reports to the GLAralin 4Mga bayad sa foreign contractor (India): pagtatala ng cross-border payments, mga pagsasaalang-alang sa GST (kung mayroon para sa dokumentasyon), at pagmamanman para sa mga kinakailangan sa withholdingTinitingnan ang pagtatala para sa mga bayad sa Indian contractors, kabilang ang pagtatala ng cross-border payments, pagtatasa ng GST documentation needs, pagmamanman ng U.S. at Indian withholding requirements, at pamamahala ng FX at banking documentation.
Onboarding Indian contractors and KYCCross‑border payment methods and timingGST documentation and invoice reviewU.S. and Indian withholding checksFX rates, remeasurement, and gainsBank records and compliance supportAralin 5Software subscriptions at cloud services: expense vs capital treatment, prepaid arrangements, pag-amortisa ng implementation costsPinag-aaralan ang pagtatala para sa software subscriptions at cloud services, kabilang ang expense versus capitalization, prepaid arrangements, at pag-amortisa ng implementation at setup costs sa ilalim ng U.S. GAAP para sa lumalaking technology-driven service business.
Identifying SaaS vs on‑premise softwareExpense vs capitalization assessmentAccounting for prepaid subscriptionsImplementation and setup cost amortizationVendor contracts and term reviewsSubledger and schedule maintenanceAralin 6Pagtatala para sa independent contractors: 1099-eligible payments, accrual vs cash recognition, withholding exceptions, at dokumentasyon sa classificationIpinaliliwanag ang pagtatala para sa independent contractors, kabilang ang pagkilala ng 1099-reportable payments, accrual versus cash recognition, backup withholding exceptions, at pagpapanatili ng dokumentasyon upang suportahan ang mga desisyon sa worker classification.
Contractor vs employee classificationTracking 1099‑eligible paymentsAccrual vs cash expense recognitionBackup withholding and exceptionsW‑9 collection and vendor setupYear‑end 1099 review and filingAralin 7Loan accounting: pagtatala ng bank loan proceeds, amortization schedule, pagkilala ng interest expense, debt covenants at classification sa pagitan ng current at long-term liabilitiesTinutukoy ang loan accounting para sa bank debt, kabilang ang pagtatala ng proceeds, pagbuo ng amortization schedules, pagkilala ng interest expense, pagmamanman ng debt covenants, at pagkilala ng mga balanse sa pagitan ng current at long-term liabilities sa balance sheet.
Recording loan proceeds and feesBuilding an amortization scheduleInterest expense and effective rateCurrent vs long‑term debt classificationDebt covenants and monitoringLoan confirmations and reconciliationsAralin 8Accounts payable, accruals, at reconciliations: vendor invoice matching, month-end accruals para sa serbisyo, at mga bayad sa foreign supplierNakatuon sa accounts payable, accruals, at reconciliations, kabilang ang vendor invoice matching, month-end accruals para sa serbisyo, foreign supplier payments, at kontrol upang matiyak ang kumpletuhan, katumpakan, at timely disbursements.
Three‑way match and invoice approvalsAP aging review and cutoff testingService accruals at month‑end closeForeign vendor payments and FX impactAP subledger to GL reconciliationsControls over disbursements and changesAralin 9Pagtatala ng kita sa serbisyo mula sa U.S. at foreign clients: invoicing, foreign currency invoicing at translation, revenue recognition na may milestone vs. time-based billingIpinaliliwanag kung paano mag-invoice sa U.S. at foreign clients, hawakan ang foreign currency, at maglagay ng revenue recognition para sa milestone at time-based service contracts, kabilang ang dokumentasyon, timing ng recognition, at mga karaniwang pagkakamali ng maliliit na negosyo.
Standard and recurring invoicing workflowsForeign currency invoicing and FX translationMilestone‑based revenue recognitionTime‑based and retainer revenue recognitionHandling discounts, credits, and refundsRevenue documentation and audit trailAralin 10Operating expenses: travel, client meals, at online advertising — tamang dokumentasyon, per-diem at meal deduction limits, allocation sa pagitan ng marketing at client developmentTinitingnan ang mga operating expenses para sa travel, client meals, at online advertising, na nagbibigay-diin sa dokumentasyon, per-diem at meal deduction limits, at tamang allocation sa pagitan ng marketing, client development, at general administrative categories.
Travel expense policies and approvalsClient meals and entertainment limitsPer‑diem rules and substantiationOnline advertising and campaign trackingAllocating marketing vs client developmentExpense documentation and retention
