Aralin 1Mga laboratory tests na hilingin: CBC, inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR), blood glucose, liver function tests, at relevant infectious serology (TB screening kapag indicated)Inilalahad ng seksyong ito ang key laboratory tests sa stomatology workup, kabilang ang CBC, inflammatory markers, glucose, liver function, at targeted infectious serology, na nagpapaliwanag ng indications, interpretation, at kung paano binabago ng results ang diagnostic reasoning at procedural safety.
CBC para sa anemia, infection, at bleeding riskCRP at ESR sa acute at chronic inflammationBlood glucose at perioperative riskLiver function tests at drug metabolismTargeted serology at TB screening indicationsAralin 2Special stains at laboratory pathology requests: immunohistochemistry panels (p16, cytokeratins), microbial cultures, fungal stains, molecular testing kapag indicatedTinutustos ng seksyong ito ang special pathology requests na nagpapahusay sa diagnosis, kabilang ang immunohistochemistry panels, microbial at fungal studies, at molecular tests, na may gabay kung kailan hilingin ang mga ito at kung paano nakakaapekto ang results sa prognosis at therapy.
Pagpili ng appropriate immunohistochemistry panelsMicrobial at fungal cultures mula sa oral lesionsPAS, GMS, at iba pang special histologic stainsMolecular tests para sa HPV at driver mutationsPag-uugnay ng klinikal na tanong sa pathologyAralin 3Ultrasound para sa superficial soft-tissue at lymph node assessment: technique at limitationsTinitingnan ng seksyong ito ang paggamit ng ultrasound para sa superficial na oral at cervical structures, na naglalarawan ng scanning technique, lymph node characterization, Doppler assessment, at key limitations, kabilang ang operator dependence at hirap sa deep o air-containing spaces.
Ultrasound equipment at probe selectionTechnique para sa cervical lymph node scanningSonographic criteria ng malignant nodesPaggamit ng Doppler sa vascular assessmentLimitations at indications para sa further imagingAralin 4Advanced imaging: kailan mag-order ng contrast-enhanced CT ng mandible, cone-beam CT (CBCT) vs medical CT, at MRI para sa soft-tissue extent at perineural spreadIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito ang pagpili at interpretation ng advanced imaging para sa jaw at soft-tissue disease, na naghahambing ng CBCT sa medical CT, naglilista ng indications para sa contrast-enhanced CT ng mandible, at nagdedepina ng MRI roles sa soft-tissue extent at perineural spread.
Indications para sa contrast-enhanced mandibular CTCBCT vs medical CT: strengths at limitationsMRI protocols para sa soft-tissue at marrow diseaseImaging signs ng perineural tumor spreadRadiation dose, safety, at consent issuesAralin 5Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) at core biopsy ng suspicious intraoral o cervical lymph nodes: technique at diagnostic yieldIdinidetalye ng seksyong ito ang fine-needle aspiration at core biopsy ng suspicious intraoral o cervical lymph nodes, na sumasaklaw sa indications, technique, pag-iwas sa komplikasyon, diagnostic yield, at integration ng cytology o histology results sa overall workup.
Indications para sa FNA vs core biopsyNeedle selection at guidance methodsStepwise FNA technique at smear preparationKomplikasyon at kung paano maiiwasanPag-interpret ng cytology at adequacy reportsAralin 6Pag-interpret ng pathology reports: grades, margins, perineural/lymphovascular invasion, at implications para sa stagingIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito kung paano basahin at i-apply ang oral pathology reports, na naglilinaw ng terminology para sa grades, margins, perineural at lymphovascular invasion, at nodal status, at nagta-translate ng mga findings na ito sa staging at management decisions.
Tumor type, grade, at differentiationMargin status at clinical significancePerineural at lymphovascular invasionNodal involvement at extranodal extensionPag-uugnay ng pathology sa TNM stagingAralin 7Stepwise klinikal na investigations: complete oral exam checklist, vital signs, focused neurological exam, dental status evaluationNag-structure ang seksyong ito ng complete klinikal na evaluation sa stomatology, na sumasaklaw sa sistematikong extraoral at intraoral examination, vital signs, focused neurologic screening, at detalyadong dental status assessment upang matukoy ang pathology at i-prioritize ang further tests.
Pre-visit history at red-flag symptom screeningPag-record ng vital signs at systemic risk assessmentStructured extraoral at cranial nerve screeningSistemtikong intraoral soft-tissue inspectionDental charting, occlusion, at periodontal statusAralin 8Biopsy planning: incisional vs excisional biopsy—selection criteria para sa 1.5 cm tongue lesionGumagabay ang seksyong ito sa biopsy planning para sa 1.5 cm tongue lesion, na naghahambing ng incisional at excisional approaches, na isinasaalang-alang ang lesion features, patient factors, at oncologic principles upang pumili ng ligtas na technique na nagpe-preserve ng definitive treatment options.
Klinikal na assessment ng 1.5 cm tongue lesionCriteria na nagfa-favor ng incisional biopsyCriteria na nagfa-favor ng excisional biopsyPag-iwas sa distortion ng future resection marginsPatient counseling at consent pointsAralin 9Biopsy technique para sa lateral tongue: surgical approach, margin selection, hemostasis, specimen handling, orientation, at submission para sa histopathologyIdinidetalye ng seksyong ito ang lateral tongue biopsy technique, kabilang ang lesion assessment, incision planning, margin selection, anesthesia, hemostasis, specimen orientation, at proper fixation at labeling upang i-optimize ang histopathologic interpretation at mabawasan ang komplikasyon.
Pre-biopsy assessment at contraindicationsAnesthesia, traction, at field exposureIncision design at margin selectionHemostasis, suturing, at postoperative careSpecimen orientation, labeling, at transportAralin 10Indications at timing para sa PET-CT o CT chest sa suspected malignancy para sa staging at metastasis screeningTinitingnan ng seksyong ito kung kailan mag-request ng PET-CT o CT chest sa suspected oral malignancy, na nagbibigay-diin sa staging goals, detection ng distant metastases, timing relative sa biopsy at surgery, at kung paano nakakaapekto ang imaging results sa multidisciplinary treatment planning.
Oncologic indications para sa PET-CT referralRole ng CT chest sa metastasis screeningOptimal timing sa loob ng staging workflowCommon pitfalls at false-positive findingsImpact sa TNM staging at treatment plansAralin 11Plain radiography: indications at interpretation ng panoramic radiograph (OPG) para sa jaw pathologyNakatuon ang seksyong ito sa panoramic radiography para sa jaw assessment, na tinitingnan ang indications, patient positioning, normal anatomy, at interpretation ng common pathologies, habang nagbibigay-diin sa limitations at kailan kailangan ng further cross-sectional imaging.
Indications para sa pag-order ng OPGPatient positioning at artifact avoidancePagkilala sa normal panoramic anatomyRadiographic features ng common jaw lesionsLimitations ng OPG at need para sa CT o CBCT
