Aralin 1White-matter Pathways: Arcuate Fasciculus, Uncinate Fasciculus, Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus — Mga Papel sa Repetition at IntegrationSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang mga major white-matter tracts, kabilang ang arcuate, uncinate, at superior longitudinal fasciculi, na naglalarawan ng kanilang anatomy, connectivity, at mga papel sa repetition, lexical–semantic integration, at dorsal–ventral language streams.
Arcuate fasciculus and repetition circuitrySuperior longitudinal fasciculus and dorsal streamUncinate fasciculus and semantic integrationInferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in readingDisconnection syndromes and conduction aphasiaAralin 2Auditory Processing Pathway para sa Speech Perception: Mula Cochlea hanggang Brainstem Nuclei hanggang Primary Auditory Cortex at Higher-order ProcessingInitトレイス ng seksyong ito ang auditory pathway para sa pananalita, mula cochlea sa pamamagitan ng brainstem nuclei at thalamus hanggang primary at secondary auditory cortices, na nagdedetalye ng temporal at spectral analysis, phonemic mapping, at early speech–nonspeech differentiation.
Cochlear transduction and frequency decompositionBrainstem nuclei and binaural processingMedial geniculate body and thalamic gatingPrimary auditory cortex and phonemic encodingSecondary auditory areas and speech–nonspeech parsingAralin 3Stepwise Neural Sequence Kapag Naririnig ang Tanong at Sumasagot Ng Malakas: Auditory Decoding, Comprehension, Formulation, Motor Planning, Execution, at Feedback MonitoringSumusunod ang seksyong ito sa neural sequence mula pagdinig ng tanong hanggang pagsagot ng malakas, na tinatakpan ang auditory decoding, comprehension, conceptual formulation, lexical selection, motor planning, execution, at feedback monitoring sa distributed networks.
Auditory decoding of the spoken questionSyntactic and semantic comprehension stagesConceptualization and message formulationPhonological encoding and motor planningExecution, monitoring, and error correctionAralin 4Primary Sensorimotor Cortices: Primary Motor Cortex (Speech Motor Areas), Primary Somatosensory Cortex, Primary Auditory CortexSusuriin ng seksyong ito ang primary motor, somatosensory, at auditory cortices, na binibigyang-diin ang kanilang cytoarchitecture, somatotopy at tonotopy, at kung paano sumusuporta ang mga primary areas na ito sa articulation, speech feedback, at integration sa higher language regions.
Somatotopy of the primary motor speech areasOrofacial representation in primary somatosensory cortexTonotopic maps in primary auditory cortexCortical columns and cytoarchitecture in M1 and S1Integration of sensory feedback during articulationAralin 5Right Hemisphere Contributions: Prosody, Pragmatics, Discourse-level Processing, Visuo-spatial at Affective AspectsSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang mga papel ng right hemisphere sa prosody, pragmatics, discourse, at visuospatial at affective processing, na binibigyang-diin ang interhemispheric coordination at klinikal na syndromes na sumusunod sa right hemisphere damage na nakakaapekto sa komunikasyon.
Acoustic and linguistic prosody processingPragmatic inference and conversational implicatureDiscourse macrostructure and coherence buildingVisuospatial context in communication cuesAffective prosody and emotional interpretationAralin 6Association at Multimodal Regions: Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Superior Temporal Gyrus, Angular at Supramarginal GyriNakatuon ang seksyong ito sa association at multimodal regions, kabilang ang inferior frontal, superior temporal, angular, at supramarginal gyri, na nagpapaliwanag ng kanilang mga papel sa phonology, semantics, syntax, reading, at cross-modal integration para sa wika.
Inferior frontal gyrus and phonological working memorySuperior temporal gyrus and lexical accessAngular gyrus in semantic and conceptual integrationSupramarginal gyrus in phonological mappingMultimodal convergence and reading networksAralin 7Neural Control ng Speech Motor Output: Cortical Planning, Corticobulbar Tracts, Cranial Nerve Nuclei (V, VII, IX, X, XII) at Motor ExecutionIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito ang neural control ng speech motor output, mula cortical planning sa pamamagitan ng corticobulbar tracts hanggang cranial nerve nuclei, na nagdedetalye ng motor execution, reflex modulation, at feedback mechanisms na nagpapanatili ng fluent, intelligible speech.
Cortical planning in premotor and SMA regionsCorticobulbar tract organization and lateralityCranial nerve nuclei for speech musculatureMotor execution and articulatory timingAuditory and somatosensory feedback controlAralin 8Subcortical Structures at Cerebellum: Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, Cerebellar Contributions sa Speech Timing, Motor Learning at ProsodySinusuri ng seksyong ito ang basal ganglia, thalamus, at cerebellum sa pananalita, na binibigyang-diin ang timing, motor learning, prosody, at initiation, at nag-uugnay ng kanilang dysfunction sa dysarthria, stuttering, hypophonia, at ataxic speech patterns.
Basal ganglia loops and speech initiationThalamic relay and modulation of language signalsCerebellar timing and articulatory coordinationMotor learning and adaptation in speechSubcortical contributions to prosody controlAralin 9Cortical Language Centers: Broca’s Area (Anatomical Boundaries, Cytoarchitecture) at Wernicke’s AreaNagdedetalye ang seksyong ito ng cortical language centers, na binibigyang-diin ang Broca’s at Wernicke’s areas, ang kanilang anatomical boundaries, cytoarchitecture, connectivity, at natatanging ambag sa speech planning, syntax, lexical access, at comprehension.
Anatomical boundaries of Broca’s areaCytoarchitecture of inferior frontal language cortexAnatomical boundaries of Wernicke’s areaPosterior temporal cortex and lexical semanticsFunctional connectivity between Broca and Wernicke
