Aralin 1Paggamit ng gadolinium-based contrast agents: mga indikasyon, contraindications, at NSF risk mitigationNagre-review ang seksyong ito ng gadolinium contrast pharmacology, mga indikasyon, at dosing, pagkatapos ay nagdedetalye ng contraindications, NSF risk factors, screening, at mga estratehiya upang mabawasan ang risk habang pinapanatili ang diagnostic image quality at clinical value.
Mga uri ng gadolinium chelate at stability classesClinical indications sa neuro at MSK MRIRenal function assessment at eGFR thresholdsContraindications at high-risk patient groupsNSF pathophysiology at risk reduction stepsInformed consent at documentation practicesAralin 2Pagpili ng sequence at parameter adjustments upang i-trade ang image contrast, spatial resolution, at scan timeTinutustos ng seksyong ito kung paano nakakaapekto ang sequence choice at parameter settings sa contrast, spatial resolution, at scan time, na nagtuturo ng praktikal na trade-offs gamit ang TR, TE, flip angle, FOV, matrix, at parallel imaging sa routine protocols.
TR, TE, at flip angle fundamentalsPag-a-adjust ng contrast sa sequence familiesPagbalanse ng spatial resolution at SNRScan time, averages, at parallel imagingFOV, matrix, at slice thickness choicesProtocol optimization para sa clinical questionsAralin 3Safety zones, zone access control, at patient monitoring sa loob ng MRI (hearing protection, emergency response)Tinutukoy ng seksyong ito ang MRI safety zones, access control policies, at staff roles, pagkatapos ay tinutustos ang patient monitoring, hearing protection, emergency procedures, at ligtas na response sa code events o quench situations sa loob ng MRI environment.
ACR MRI safety zones I–IV layoutControlled access at staff responsibilitiesScreening bago pumasok sa zone III at IVHearing protection selection at fittingPhysiologic monitoring at alarms sa MRIEmergency response, code at quench plansAralin 4Mga artifact sa MRI at kung paano nito naaapektuhan ang interpretation: motion, susceptibility, chemical shift, at mitigation nitoIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito ang karaniwang MRI artifacts, kanilang pisikal na sanhi, at hitsura, na nakatuon sa motion, susceptibility, at chemical shift, pagkatapos ay nagpapakita ng praktikal na estratehiya upang makilala, bawasan, o gamitin ang artifacts para sa tumpak na image interpretation.
Patient motion at ghosting artifactsFlow at pulsation artifacts sa neuro MRIMagnetic susceptibility at metal artifactsChemical shift at India ink artifactsAliasing, wraparound, at truncationSequence at parameter tweaks upang bawasan ang artifactsAralin 5Basic MRI signal formation: hydrogen nuclei, T1 at T2 relaxation, proton density, at image contrast mechanismsNag-i-introduce ang seksyong ito ng MRI signal formation mula sa hydrogen nuclei, Larmor precession, at resonance, pagkatapos ay nagpapaliwanag ng T1 at T2 relaxation, proton density, at kung paano pinagsama ang mga mekanismo na ito upang gumawa ng image contrast sa clinical MRI.
Hydrogen nuclei, spin, at Larmor frequencyRF excitation, resonance, at signal inductionT1 relaxation at longitudinal recoveryT2 relaxation at transverse decayProton density at papel nito sa contrastMga factor na nakakaapekto sa overall image contrastAralin 6Patient preparation para sa MRI musculoskeletal at neuro exams (positioning, coils, immobilization, at comfort measures)Nagdedetalye ang seksyong ito ng patient preparation para sa musculoskeletal at neuro MRI, kabilang ang screening, positioning, coil choice, immobilization, at comfort strategies, upang i-optimize ang image quality habang binabawasan ang motion, anxiety, at repeat scans.
Pre-exam screening at patient educationPositioning para sa spine at brain MRIPositioning para sa joints at extremity MRICoil selection at placement optimizationImmobilization devices at motion controlComfort, anxiety reduction, at sedationAralin 7MRI safety screening: ferromagnetic hazards, implants, pacemakers, at safety questionnaire workflowNaglalayad ang seksyong ito ng MRI safety screening workflows, na binibigyang-diin ang ferromagnetic hazards, implants, at cardiac devices, at nagpapaliwanag kung paano i-interpret ang device labeling, pamahalaan ang conditional implants, at dokumentuhan ang clearance decisions.
Ferromagnetic object at projectile risksStandard MRI safety questionnaire itemsPacemakers at cardiac device categoriesMR Safe, MR Conditional, MR Unsafe labelsHandling ng aneurysm clips at neurostimulatorsDocumentation at komunikasyon ng clearanceAralin 8Karaniwang MRI sequences na nauugnay sa musculoskeletal at neuro imaging: T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, DWI, GRE/SWI, proton density, at STIRNagre-review ang seksyong ito ng core MRI sequences na ginagamit sa musculoskeletal at neuro imaging, na naglalahad ng contrast characteristics, tipikal na clinical uses, at limitations ng T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, GRE o SWI, proton density, at STIR sequences.
T1-weighted sequences at main indicationsT2-weighted at fluid-sensitive imagingFLAIR para sa parenchymal at CSF pathologyDWI at ADC para sa acute ischemia at tumorsGRE at SWI para sa dugo at calcificationPD at STIR sa joint at marrow evaluation
