Aralin 1Pag-integrate ng klinikal na konteksto: risk factors, timing, pleuritic pain, oxygenation, biomarkers (D-dimer, troponin) at kung paano nila binabago ang diagnostic weightingIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito kung paano i-integrate ang imaging sa klinikal na konteksto sa acute dyspnea, na kinabibilangan ng risk factors, timing ng sintomas, pleuritic pain, oxygenation status, at biomarkers tulad ng D-dimer at troponin upang mapino ang mga probabilidad ng diagnosis.
Klinikal na risk factors para sa pulmonary embolismTiming ng mga sintomas at ebolusyon ng sakitPleuritic pain at mga clue ng chest wall tendernessOxygenation, hemodynamics, at pagpili ng imagingBiomarkers at imaging-based risk weightingAralin 2Mga pagkakamali at mimics: motion artifacts, beam-hardening, dependent atelectasis, at contrast timing errorsTinatangka ng seksyong ito ang mga madalas na interpretive pitfalls at mimics sa acute dyspnea imaging, kabilang ang motion artifacts, beam-hardening, dependent atelectasis, at contrast timing issues, at nagmumungkahi ng mga estratehiya upang makilala at mabawasan ang diagnostic error.
Pagkilala sa motion at breathing artifactsBeam-hardening at streak artifact mimicsDependent atelectasis versus true consolidationContrast timing errors sa CT angiographyChecklist approach upang mabawasan ang interpretation errorsAralin 3Differential reasoning gamit ang mga senyales: PE vs pneumonia vs pulmonary edema vs COPD exacerbationIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito kung paano ikumpara ang mga imaging patterns ng pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, cardiogenic edema, at COPD exacerbation, gamit ang mga key semiologic signs upang bumuo ng prioritized, klinikal na coherent na differential diagnosis.
Radiographic patterns ng acute pulmonary embolismLobar at bronchopneumonia imaging distinctionsCardiogenic pulmonary edema hallmark signsCOPD exacerbation versus acute infection signsAlgorithmic imaging approach sa acute dyspneaAralin 4Structured reporting para sa acute dyspnea: paglalarawan ng location, size, density, margins, distribution, at associated findingsTinutukoy ng seksyong ito kung paano i-structure ang mga chest imaging reports sa acute dyspnea, na nagbibigay-diin sa standardized description ng lesion location, size, density, margins, distribution, at associated findings upang suportahan ang reproducible, actionable na komunikasyon.
Standardized description ng lesion locationReporting ng lesion size at volumetric assessmentDensity, attenuation, at enhancement patternsMargins, interfaces, at silhouette descriptionPagdedokumento ng distribution at ancillary findingsAralin 5Pagpili ng modalities: indications at strengths ng chest X-ray vs CT pulmonary angiographyInihahalintulad ng seksyong ito ang chest X-ray at CT pulmonary angiography para sa acute dyspnea, na naglilista ng indications, strengths, limitations, at radiation at contrast considerations upang gabayan ang angkop, patient-centered na pagpili ng modality.
Initial role ng chest X-ray sa dyspnea workupIndications para sa CT pulmonary angiographyContraindications at risk-benefit balancingRadiation dose at contrast nephrotoxicityAlternative imaging kapag hindi angkop ang CTPAAralin 6Semiologic meaning ng chest signs: acute vs chronic, alveolar vs interstitial, cardiogenic vs noncardiogenic pulmonary edemaLilinawin ng seksyong ito ang semiologic meaning ng major chest imaging signs, na nagkakaiba ng acute mula sa chronic changes, alveolar mula sa interstitial patterns, at cardiogenic mula sa noncardiogenic edema gamit ang distribution, context, at ancillary findings.
Acute versus chronic parenchymal changesAlveolar consolidation versus interstitial patternCardiogenic versus noncardiogenic edema signsRole ng distribution at symmetry sa patternsAncillary signs na nagpapahusay sa semiologic interpretationAralin 7Systematic chest X-ray interpretation: zones, lines, silhouettes, at cardiothoracic ratioIpapakita ng seksyong ito ang stepwise method para sa chest X-ray reading sa mga pasyenteng may dyspnea, na sumasaklaw sa division sa zones, evaluation ng lines at tubes, paggamit ng silhouette sign, at assessment ng heart size at mediastinal contours.
Quality checks: rotation, inspiration, exposureLung zones at systematic search patternEvaluation ng lines, tubes, at devicesSilhouette sign at mediastinal contoursCardiothoracic ratio at heart size limitsAralin 8Pulmonary embolism signs sa CT: filling defects, right ventricular strain, pulmonary infarct patterns, mosaic perfusionTumatutok ang seksyong ito sa CT signs ng pulmonary embolism sa acute dyspnea, na nagdedetalye ng direct vascular findings, indicators ng right ventricular strain, pulmonary infarct patterns, at mosaic perfusion, at kung paano nila naapektuhan ang risk stratification.
Central at segmental filling defect patternsSubsegmental emboli at technical limitationsCT markers ng right ventricular strainPulmonary infarct at wedge-shaped opacitiesMosaic perfusion at differential diagnosesAralin 9Key chest imaging signs: pneumothorax, consolidation, air bronchogram, ground-glass opacity, interstitial markings, Kerley B linesTinatangka ng seksyong ito ang core chest imaging signs na may kaugnayan sa acute dyspnea, kabilang ang pneumothorax, consolidation, air bronchograms, ground-glass opacities, interstitial markings, at Kerley B lines, na nagbibigay-diin sa pagkilala at klinikal na implikasyon.
Radiographic at CT signs ng pneumothoraxConsolidation at air bronchogram correlationGround-glass opacity: causes at patternsInterstitial markings at reticular patternsKerley B lines at pulmonary venous congestionAralin 10Systematic chest CT interpretation: lung windows, mediastinal windows, vascular phases, at protocol selectionNagbubuo ang seksyong ito ng systematic approach sa chest CT sa acute dyspnea, na sumasaklaw sa lung at mediastinal windows, vascular phases, protocol tailoring, at structured review ng airways, parenchyma, pleura, at mediastinal structures.
Lung window assessment ng parenchymal diseaseMediastinal windows para sa nodes at massesVascular phases sa CT pulmonary angiographyProtocol selection sa unstable dyspneic patientsStructured checklist para sa chest CT review
