Aralin 1Red flags at indications para sa urgent referral o ED evaluation: hypoxia, dehydration, severe respiratory distress, apneaNag-iimbento ng clinical red flags na nangangailangan ng urgent referral o emergency evaluation, tulad ng hypoxia, severe distress, apnea, dehydration, at altered mental status, at nagpapaliwanag kung paano mabilis na mag-stabilize at mag-ayos ng ligtas na transfer kapag kinakailangan.
Mabilis na pagkilala sa hypoxia at cyanosisMalalang work of breathing at exhaustionApnea, poor tone, at color change eventsSenyales ng significant dehydration o shockHigh-risk groups na nangangailangan ng mas mababang thresholdsPag-coordinate ng ligtas na transport at handoffAralin 2Komunikasyon sa mga tagapag-alaga: pagpaliwanag ng likely diagnosis, home care instructions, at safe escalation stepsTinutukan ang mga estratehiya para sa pagpaliwanag ng diagnoses, inaasahang kurso ng sakit, at home care sa plain language, habang hinaharap ang anxiety ng tagapag-alaga, health literacy, at cultural factors, at nagbubuo ng malinaw, kongkret na escalation at safety-net instructions.
Pagsusuri sa pag-unawa at concerns ng tagapag-alagaPagpaliwanag ng likely diagnosis sa simple languagePagtuturo ng home care: lagnat, fluids, nasal carePag-set ng malinaw, specific na return precautionsShared decision-making at safety-nettingPagdokumenta ng key counseling points sa chartAralin 3Focused history para sa febrile cough sa preschoolers: onset, fever pattern, respiratory distress signs, exposures, immunization statusNagbibigay ng structured na approach sa history-taking para sa febrile cough sa preschoolers, na nagbibigay-diin sa onset, fever pattern, respiratory distress signs, exposures, immunization status, at risk factors na tumutulong na i-distinguish ang benign mula sa serious disease.
Paglalarawan ng cough onset at durationFever pattern, height, at response sa medsRespiratory distress symptoms sa bahayExposure history at sick contactsImmunization status at risk modifiersPast medical history at prior episodesAralin 4Follow-up planning: return precautions, timeline para sa expected improvement, criteria para sa reassessmentNagpapaliwanag kung paano magplano ng follow-up para sa acute respiratory illness, kabilang ang inaasahang timelines para sa improvement ng sintomas, scheduling ng reassessment, pagpapatibay ng return precautions, at pagdokumenta ng mga plano na sumusuporta sa continuity at kumpiyansa ng tagapag-alaga.
Inaasahang recovery timelines by diagnosisKailan mag-schedule ng in-person follow-upPhone at telehealth check-in strategiesMalinaw na written return at ED precautionsPagdokumenta ng plans at caregiver agreementPagharap sa barriers sa reliable follow-upAralin 5Reasoned use ng diagnostics: kailan mag-order ng chest x-ray, rapid viral testing (RSV/flu), pulse oximetry, CBC, CRP, blood culturesNagbubuo ng kailan ang diagnostic tests ay nagbabago ng management sa outpatient settings, kabilang ang indications at limitations ng chest x-ray, viral assays, pulse oximetry, at basic labs, habang iniwasan ang low-yield testing na nagpapataas ng gastos o anxiety.
Kailan chest x-ray ay meaningfully nagpapahayag ng careRole ng rapid RSV at influenza testingPaggamit ng pulse oximetry para sa triage decisionsKailan CBC o CRP ay maaaring magdagdag ng valueRare indications para sa blood culturesPagpapahayag ng test limits sa mga pamilyaAralin 6Antibiotic stewardship: criteria para sa suspecting bacterial pneumonia at first-line antibiotic choices by local guidelinesNakatuon sa pagkilala kung kailan malamang na bacterial pneumonia, gamit ang history, exam, at risk factors, at pagpili ng first-line outpatient antibiotics, doses, at durations na sumasabay sa local resistance patterns at stewardship principles.
Clinical predictors ng bacterial pneumoniaPaghiwalay ng viral mula sa bacterial patternsFirst-line oral antibiotics at dosingPenicillin allergy options at limitationsDuration ng therapy at follow-up needsPag-iwas sa unnecessary broad-spectrum agentsAralin 7Differential diagnoses: viral upper respiratory infection, bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, croup, pertussis—key distinguishing featuresSinusuri ang key clinical features na naghihiwalay ng viral URI, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, croup, at pertussis sa mga bata, na nakatuon sa edad, symptom patterns, exam findings, at red flags na nagmumungkahi ng mas seryosong lower airway disease.
Typical features ng viral upper respiratory infectionClinical hallmarks ng infant bronchiolitisCommunity-acquired pneumonia: senyales by ageCroup: barking cough at stridor patternsPertussis stages at whooping cough cluesPaggamit ng patterns para i-separate ang overlapping syndromesAralin 8Initial outpatient management strategies: supportive care, antipyretics, hydration, inhaled bronchodilators—evidence-based indicationsNaglalarawan ng evidence-based outpatient treatments para sa common respiratory illnesses, kabilang ang antipyretics, nasal saline, hydration strategies, at bronchodilators, na nagbibigay-diin sa indications, dosing, at pag-iwas sa ineffective o nakakasamang therapies.
Evidence-based fever at pain controlHydration strategies at oral rehydrationNasal saline, suction, at humidified airKailan gumamit ng inhaled bronchodilatorsPag-iwas sa cough suppressants at decongestantsHome monitoring at positioning adviceAralin 9Targeted physical exam para sa respiratory illness: vital signs, respiratory rate by age, auscultation, work of breathing assessmentNagdedetalye ng focused respiratory exam sa mga bata, kabilang ang age-based vital sign interpretation, work of breathing scoring, auscultation techniques, at pagkilala sa senyales na nagmumungkahi ng impending respiratory failure o need para sa escalation.
Age-based normal ranges para sa vital signsPagsusuri sa respiratory rate at rhythmWork of breathing: retractions at gruntingAuscultation: wheeze, crackles, stridorSenyales ng fatigue at impending failurePag-integrate ng exam findings sa triage level
