Aralin 1Decision rules para sa outpatient management vs admission: WHO at AAP guidance sa pneumonia severity at admission criteriaTinatuklasan ang decision rules para sa outpatient versus inpatient care gamit ang WHO at AAP criteria, na nagsasama ng oxygen saturation, feeding ability, work of breathing, at social factors upang suportahan ang ligtas na disposition planning para sa mga sanggol.
WHO pneumonia severity categoriesAAP criteria for hospital admissionRole of oxygen saturation and work of breathingFeeding ability and home support factorsPlanning safe follow-up and reviewAralin 2Triage at red flags na nangangailangan ng urgent referral: severe respiratory distress, hypoxia, poor oral intake, recurrent apneas, cyanosisTinutukoy ang triage priorities at red flags tulad ng severe distress, hypoxia, poor feeding, recurrent apnea, at cyanosis, na gumagabay sa urgent referral, stabilization steps, at ligtas na transfer ng mga sanggol na may suspected life-threatening illness.
Recognizing severe respiratory distressIdentifying hypoxia and cyanosisRecurrent apnea and altered consciousnessPoor oral intake and dehydration riskStabilization before transfer or referralAralin 3Differential diagnoses para sa fever na may cough at fast breathing: bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pertussis, viral URTITinututukan ang key differential diagnoses para sa mga sanggol na may fever, cough, at fast breathing, kabilang ang bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pertussis, at viral URTI, na nagbibigay-diin sa distinguishing clinical features at implications para sa testing at treatment.
Clinical features of bronchiolitisCommunity-acquired pneumonia patternsRecognition of pertussis in infantsFeatures of viral URTI and overlapRed flags suggesting alternative diagnosesAralin 4First-line investigations: chest radiograph indications, nasopharyngeal viral testing, full blood count at CRP kapag indicatedInilalahad kung kailan mag-order ng chest radiographs, viral PCR o antigen tests, at basic blood work sa mga sanggol na may acute respiratory symptoms, na tumutok sa pag-iwas sa unnecessary tests habang kinikilala ang serious bacterial o atypical disease.
Chest radiograph indications and limitationsNasopharyngeal viral PCR and rapid testsRole of full blood count and CRPInterpreting mixed viral and bacterial resultsAralin 5Pathophysiology at common causes ng cough, fever, at tachypnea sa mga sanggolIpinaliliwanag ang airway at lung physiology sa maagang infancy at kung paano ang viral, bacterial, at environmental factors ay nagdudulot ng cough, fever, at tachypnea, na nag-uugnay ng common diagnoses tulad ng bronchiolitis, pneumonia, at viral URTI sa underlying mechanisms.
Infant airway anatomy and complianceMechanisms of cough and mucus productionCauses of fever in respiratory infectionsEtiology of tachypnea in young infantsAralin 6Clinical signs ng respiratory distress: nasal flaring, chest indrawing, grunting, tachypnea age-specific cutoffsInilalarawan ang clinical signs ng respiratory distress sa mga sanggol, kabilang ang nasal flaring, chest indrawing, grunting, at age-specific tachypnea cutoffs, at ipinapaliwanag kung paano i-grade ang severity at i-monitor ang mga pagbabago sa paglipas ng panahon sa bedside.
Nasal flaring and head bobbingChest indrawing and retraction patternsGrunting and use of accessory musclesAge-specific tachypnea thresholdsScoring systems for distress severityAralin 7Treatment principles: oxygen therapy thresholds, bronchiolitis supportive care, indications para sa oral vs IV antibiotics, bronchodilator at corticosteroid guidanceBinubuod ang treatment strategies kabilang ang oxygen thresholds, bronchiolitis supportive care, at kung kailan gumamit ng antibiotics, bronchodilators, o corticosteroids, na nagbibigay-diin sa evidence-based practice at pag-iwas sa unnecessary medications.
Oxygen therapy thresholds and deliverySupportive care in bronchiolitisOral versus IV antibiotic indicationsBronchodilator and corticosteroid useMonitoring response and treatment failureAralin 8Initial bedside tests: pulse oximetry interpretation, respiratory rate measurement, capillary refill, point-of-care glucoseTinutukoy ang bedside assessment tools kabilang ang pulse oximetry, respiratory rate measurement, capillary refill, at point-of-care glucose, na may practical tips upang makakuha ng accurate readings at i-interpret ang results sa young infants.
Correct pulse oximetry techniqueMeasuring respiratory rate accuratelyAssessing capillary refill and perfusionPoint-of-care glucose indicationsIntegrating bedside findings into triageAralin 9Key history questions: duration at onset ng symptoms, feeding at fluid intake, immunization, household contacts, exposure sa smokeTinutukoy ang focused history taking sa mga sanggol na may respiratory symptoms, kabilang ang onset at duration, feeding at fluid intake, immunization status, exposure sa smoke, at sick contacts, upang gumagabay sa risk stratification at management decisions.
Symptom onset, duration, and progressionFeeding, fluid intake, and output historyImmunization status and missed vaccinesHousehold contacts and sick exposuresEnvironmental smoke and pollutant exposureAralin 10Caregiver counseling: home care, kapag bumalik, home hydration at fever management, immunization reinforcementNagbibigay ng gabay sa counseling ng mga tagapag-alaga tungkol sa home care, hydration, fever control, medication use, at immunization, at pagbibigay ng malinaw na instructions tungkol sa danger signs at kung kailan humingi ng urgent reassessment.
Explaining diagnosis and expected courseHome hydration and feeding strategiesSafe fever management and medicationsReturn precautions and danger signsReinforcing routine and catch-up vaccinesAralin 11Guideline references: WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) pneumonia recommendations, AAP bronchiolitis guidance, national pediatric respiratory protocolsBinubuod ang key recommendations mula sa WHO IMCI, AAP bronchiolitis guidance, at national pediatric respiratory protocols, na nagbibigay-diin sa harmonization ng lokal na practice sa evidence-based international standards para sa infant care.
WHO IMCI pneumonia classificationsAAP bronchiolitis management guidanceNational pediatric pneumonia protocolsAdapting guidelines to local resourcesAralin 12Fluid at feeding management para sa mga sanggol na may reduced intakeTinutukoy ang assessment ng hydration at feeding sa mga may sakit na sanggol, calculation ng fluid needs, safe use ng oral, nasogastric, at IV fluids, at monitoring upang maiwasan ang dehydration, overhydration, at feeding-related respiratory compromise.
Assessing hydration and urine outputOral and nasogastric feeding strategiesIndications for IV fluids and ratesMonitoring for fluid overload and hyponatremia
