Aralin 1Mental status at language assessment: orientation, attention, naming, repetition, comprehension tests para sa aphasia detectionNakatuon sa mabilis na bedside assessment ng consciousness, orientation, attention, memory, at language domains, kabilang ang naming, repetition, fluency, at comprehension, upang matukoy ang aphasia, delirium, at subtle cognitive deficits.
Level ng consciousness at arousalOrientation at short-term memoryAttention at working memory testsNaming, repetition, at fluencyComprehension at command followingAralin 2Special bedside tests: brief seizure mimic assessments (postictal confusion, tongue biting, incontinence), TIA mimics, at orthostatic vital signsNagre-review ng nakatuon na bedside maneuvers upang makilala ang seizure at TIA mimics, kabilang ang postictal signs, tongue injury, incontinence, psychogenic features, at orthostatic vital signs, na tumutulong sa pagkakaiba ng true vascular events mula sa alternatives.
Postictal confusion at recovery profileTongue biting at incontinence cluesFeatures na nagmumungkahi ng psychogenic eventsScreening para sa common TIA mimicsOrthostatic blood pressure at pulseAralin 3Sensory exam: pinprick/light touch, proprioception, cortical sensory signs, at sensory extinction/neglect testingSumasaklaw sa bedside testing ng primary at cortical sensory modalities, kabilang ang pinprick, light touch, vibration, proprioception, graphesthesia, at extinction, na may diin sa mga pattern na nagkakaiba ng peripheral, spinal, brainstem, at cortical lesions.
Pinprick at light touch techniqueVibration at joint position senseTesting graphesthesia at stereognosisPagdetect ng extinction at neglectPatterns ng sensory level at hemibody lossAralin 4Cranial nerve exam na nakatuon sa presentation na ito: facial symmetry, dysarthria vs aphasia, gaze, visual fields (confrontation), at pupillary assessmentNagdedetalye ng targeted cranial nerve screen para sa suspected stroke, kabilang ang facial symmetry, dysarthria versus aphasia, eye movements, visual fields by confrontation, at pupils, binibigyang-diin ang mabilis na techniques at key localizing patterns.
Mabilis na facial symmetry assessmentPagkakaiba ng dysarthria mula sa aphasiaBedside gaze at eye movement testingConfrontation visual field techniquesPupillary size, reactivity, at anisocoriaAralin 5Paano i-record ang nakatuon na exam findings nang malinaw at i-translate sa localization statementsNagpapaliwanag kung paano ayusin ang nakatuon na neurologikal na findings, gumamit ng standard terminology, at i-convert ang raw observations sa concise localization statements na gumagabay sa differential diagnosis, imaging choices, at urgent management decisions.
Standard neurologic note structureKey normal at abnormal exam phrasesPag-ugnay ng signs sa lesion localizationPagsusulat ng one-line localization summariesAralin 6Gait at balance assessment: timed gait, tandem walk, at assessment para sa fall risk o intermittent collapseNagbibigay ng structured approach sa gait at balance, kabilang ang timed walks, tandem gait, Romberg, at observation para sa freezing, ataxia, o collapse, upang magtantya ng fall risk at maglokalisa ng cerebellar, sensory, o frontal gait disorders.
Observation ng stance at initiationTimed gait at turning assessmentTandem walk at Romberg testingPagkilala ng ataxic at frontal gaitsScreening para sa intermittent collapseAralin 7Motor exam: tone, power grading, focal weakness patterns, pronator drift, at rapid bedside tests para sa subtle hemiparesisNaglalahad ng nakatuon na motor exam na binibigyang-diin ang tone, power grading, pronator drift, rapid strength screens, at subtle asymmetries, na may mga pattern na nagkakaiba ng upper mula sa lower motor neuron weakness at functional disorders.
Pagtatasa ng bulk at involuntary movementsGrading power gamit ang MRC scalePag-evaluate ng tone at spastic catchPronator drift at orbiting testsMabilis na screening para sa subtle hemiparesisAralin 8Coordination at cerebellar testing: finger-nose, heel-shin, dysdiadochokinesia at interpretation sa focal cortical vs cerebellar causesNaglalarawan ng bedside coordination testing gamit ang finger-nose-finger, heel-knee-shin, rapid alternating movements, at rebound, at nagpapaliwanag kung paano paghiwalayin ang cerebellar, sensory, at cortical causes ng limb incoordination.
Finger-nose-finger performance errorsHeel-knee-shin at truncal ataxiaRapid alternating movement testingRebound at overshoot phenomenaPagkakaiba ng sensory mula sa cerebellar ataxia
