Aralin 1Maikling-term na pisikal na epekto: gitnang sistema ng nerbiyos, motor na function, pagtulog, at matagal na pagkalasingTinutukan ang matagal na epekto ng alkohol sa utak, pag-uugali, at pisikal na proseso. Sinuri ang dose-relasyon ng CNS depression, motor at kognitibong pinsala, pagkaputol ng pagtulog, matagal na intoxication syndromes, at mga salik na nagbabago sa maikling-term na tugon.
Dose-response at antas ng alkohol sa dugoCNS depression at neurokimikal na pagbabagoMotor incoordination at reaction timeEpekto sa sleep architecture at kalidadClinical features ng acute intoxicationRisk factors para sa aksidente at pinsalaAralin 2Pangmatagalang epekto sa kalusugang mental: depression, anxiety, suicidality, at interaksyon sa psychiatric medicationsNag-e-explore kung paano nakakaapekto ang kronikong paggamit ng alkohol sa kalusugang mental, na nag-aambag sa depression, anxiety, suicidality, at relapse. Tinutukan ang bidirectional relationships, diagnostic challenges, at interaksyon sa psychiatric medications at therapies.
Alkohol at depressive disordersAnxiety, panic, at alkohol paggamitSuicidal ideation at attempt riskDiagnostic overlap at masking effectsInteractions sa antidepressants at mood stabilizersIntegrated treatment at relapse preventionAralin 3Pangmatagalang organ-specific na epekto: utak (cognitive impairment, Wernicke-Korsakoff), neuroadaptation at dependenceNakatuon sa kronikong epekto ng alkohol sa utak, kabilang ang cognitive decline, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, at structural changes. Ipinaliliwanag ang neuroadaptation, tolerance, dependence, at ugnay sa clinical assessment at prevention.
Cognitive impairment at dementia riskThiamine deficiency at Wernicke-KorsakoffStructural at functional brain changesMechanisms ng tolerance at sensitizationNeural circuits ng dependence at cravingScreening at neurocognitive assessmentAralin 4Metabolismo at paglimi: alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, acetaldehyde, first-pass metabolism, elimination kineticsNagdedetalye ng enzymatic pathways na naglilinis ng etanol, kabilang ang alcohol dehydrogenase, CYP2E1, at catalase. Ipinaliliwanag ang acetaldehyde toxicity, first-pass metabolism, zero-order kinetics, genetic variants, at kung paano binabago ng sakit at gamot ang clearance.
Alcohol dehydrogenase pathwaysCYP2E1 induction at toxic byproductsAcetaldehyde formation at detoxificationFirst-pass metabolism at gut-liver axisZero-order kinetics at clinical implicationsGenetic polymorphisms na nakakaapekto sa metabolismoAralin 5Pamamahagi ng alkohol: blood alcohol concentration, body water, sex at age differencesIpinaliliwanag kung paano ipinamahagi ang etanol sa body water, kung paano tinukoy ang blood alcohol concentration, at kung paano nakakaapekto ang sex, age, body composition, at pagbubuntis sa antas. Ipinalalagay ang Widmark concepts at implikasyon para sa testing at dosing.
Volume ng distribution at body waterWidmark formula at BAC estimationSex differences sa BAC at epektoAge-related pharmacokinetic changesImpact ng obesity at body compositionPregnancy at lactation considerationsAralin 6Interaksyon sa common comorbidities at medications (antihypertensives, diabetes medications, psychotropics)Nagre-review kung paano nakikipag-ugnayan ang alkohol sa common chronic diseases at medications, kabilang ang antihypertensives, diabetes drugs, at psychotropics. Tinatalakay ang pharmacokinetic at pharmacodynamic interactions at clinical management strategies.
Epekto sa blood pressure at heart drugsInteractions sa diabetes medicationsAlkohol at psychotropic drug synergyHepatic metabolism at drug levelsAlkohol sa chronic pain at opioidsCounseling patients sa safe useAralin 7Ethanol absorption: oral intake, gastric emptying, at factors na nakakaapekto sa rateSinuri kung paano na-absorb ang etanol pagkatapos ng oral intake, kabilang ang gastric at small intestinal phases. Tinatalakay ang gastric emptying, food effects, beverage concentration, at iba pang factors na nagbabago sa absorption rate at peak BAC.
Sites at mechanisms ng ethanol absorptionRole ng gastric emptying at motilityInfluence ng food at meal compositionBeverage concentration at carbonationEffects ng GI disease at surgeryPractical ways na magpapabagal sa absorptionAralin 8Alkohol withdrawal physiology at risk factors para sa severe withdrawal (delirium tremens, seizures)Naglalarawan ng neurobiology ng alkohol withdrawal, mula mild symptoms hanggang delirium tremens at seizures. Nagre-review ng receptor adaptations, autonomic hyperactivity, risk factors para sa severe withdrawal, at principles ng clinical risk stratification.
Neuroadaptation ng GABA at glutamateAutonomic hyperactivity mechanismsClinical spectrum ng withdrawal signsPathophysiology ng seizures at DTsRisk factors para sa complicated withdrawalAssessment tools at risk stratificationAralin 9Pangmatagalang organ-specific na epekto: liver (steatosis, hepatitis, cirrhosis) at pathophysiologyNag-e-explore kung paano sinasaktan ng kronikong paggamit ng alkohol ang liver, mula fatty change hanggang hepatitis at cirrhosis. Nagre-review ng cellular mechanisms, fibrosis pathways, clinical manifestations, at kung paano hinuhubog ng dose, pattern ng paggamit, at comorbidities ang disease risk.
Progression mula steatosis hanggang cirrhosisHepatocellular injury at oxidative stressInflammation, fibrosis, at stellate cellsClinical features at diagnostic evaluationImpact ng nutrition, obesity, at viral hepatitisAralin 10Pangmatagalang organ-specific na epekto: cardiovascular system (hypertension, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia)Nag-a-analyze ng pangmatagalang cardiovascular consequences ng alkohol, kabilang hypertension, cardiomyopathy, at arrhythmias. Nagre-review ng dose-response data, mechanisms ng injury, clinical presentations, at implikasyon para sa risk counseling.
Blood pressure changes at mechanismsAlcoholic cardiomyopathy pathophysiologyArrhythmias, kabilang atrial fibrillationInteractions sa cardiovascular drugsReversibility sa abstinence o reductionRisk communication at patient advice
