Aralin 1Farmakokinetiks, formulations, iskedyul ng dosing, at mga ruta ng administrasyonTinatutukan ng seksyong ito ang pagsipsip, distribusyon, metabolismo, at pag-alis ng GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, at fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products, na nag-uugnay ng pharmacokinetics sa mga iskedyul ng dosing, titration, at pagpili ng ruta.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyAralin 2Mga karaniwang epekto ng terapiya: glycemic control, pagbabago ng timbang, blood pressure at cardiorenal effectsTinatutukan ng seksyong ito ang inaasahang epekto ng mga bagong ahente sa HbA1c, fasting at postprandial glucose, timbang ng katawan, blood pressure, at cardiorenal outcomes. Binibigyang-diin nito ang mga pagkakaiba ng klase, dose–response patterns, at realistic na target para sa shared decisions.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsAralin 3Mga contraindications, cautions at special populations: renal impairment thresholds, hepatic impairment, personal/family medullary thyroid carcinoma/MEN2, pregnancy and lactationTinutugunan ng seksyong ito ang mga contraindications at cautions para sa mga bagong ahente, kabilang ang mga threshold ng renal at hepatic impairment, thyroid C-cell disease, MEN2, pregnancy, lactation, frailty, at mga matatandang pasyente, na may diin sa risk–benefit assessment.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsAralin 4Mga mekanismo ng aksyon: GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combosIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito ang mga mekanismo ng GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual at triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, at fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combinations, na nag-uugnay ng molecular actions sa klinikal na benepisyo, panganib, at rational na pagpili ng gamot.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionAralin 5Pagbasa at pagsasagawa ng mga pahayag ng gabay: kung paano mag-eksak ng mga rekomendasyon mula sa ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, at national guidelines para sa pagpili at pagkasunod-sunod ng terapiyaIpinaliliwanag ng seksyong ito kung paano mag-navigate ng ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, at national guidelines. Binibigyang-diin ang pagkuha ng graded recommendations, pagreconcile ng mga pagkakaiba, at pagsalin ng algorithms sa individualized na pagpili at pagkasunod-sunod ng terapiya.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesAralin 6Mga interaksyon ng gamot sa mga karaniwang ginagamit na gamot sa diabetes, CV disease, at lipid-lowering therapySinusuri ng seksyong ito ang pharmacodynamic at pharmacokinetic interactions sa pagitan ng mga bagong glucose-lowering drugs at karaniwang ahente para sa hypertension, heart failure, dyslipidemia, at antiplatelet therapy, na nakatuon sa kaligtasan at efficacy sa polypharmacy.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsAralin 7Pag-interpret ng mga endpoint ng clinical trial: HbA1c reduction, body weight, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composite outcomesTinuturuan ng seksyong ito ng interpretasyon ng mga endpoint ng clinical trial, kabilang ang HbA1c change, weight loss, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composites, at safety outcomes, na nagbibigay-diin sa absolute risk, NNT, at patient-centered relevance.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesAralin 8Mga major adverse effects at safety signals: GI effects, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital infections, hypoglycemia risk with combosTinatutukan ng seksyong ito ang mga major adverse effects ng mga bagong ahente, kabilang ang gastrointestinal intolerance, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital at urinary infections, volume depletion, at hypoglycemia kapag pinagsama sa insulin o sulfonylureas.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
