Aralin 1Antimicrobials at Microbiome-Friendly Actives: Benzoyl Peroxide, Azelaic Acid, Topical Antimicrobials at Resistance ConsiderationsTinatakpan ng seksyong ito ang mga topical antimicrobials at microbiome-conscious actives, kabilang ang benzoyl peroxide at azelaic acid. Sinusuri nito ang mga mekanismo, resistance concerns, microbiome shifts, at mga estratehiya upang limitahan ang dysbiosis habang ginagamot ang sakit.
Benzoyl peroxide: bactericidal action and irritationAzelaic acid: antimicrobial and anti-inflammatoryTopical antibiotics and resistance mitigationMicrobiome shifts in acne and dermatitisNon-antibiotic antimicrobial strategiesCombining antimicrobials with barrier supportAralin 2Surfactants at Cleansers: Non-Foaming vs Foaming, pH at Barrier ImpactSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang kimika ng surfactant at disenyo ng cleanser, na naghahambing ng foaming at non-foaming systems. Tinatakpan nito ang pH, lipid extraction, barrier disruption, at kung paano pumili ng cleansers para sa acne, rosacea, atopic skin, at post-procedure care.
Anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactant classesFoaming vs non-foaming systems and skin feelCleanser pH, acid mantle, and TEWL changesSyndets vs true soaps in dermocosmeticsCleanser selection for acne and oily skinCleansers for atopic, rosacea, and aged skinAralin 3Sunscreen Filters: Chemical vs Mineral Filters, UVA/UVB Coverage, Photostability, at Vehicle EffectsSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang organic at mineral na sunscreen filters, UVA at UVB coverage, at photostability. Pinag-uusapan nito ang vehicles, film formation, cosmetic elegance, at kung paano nakikipag-ugnayan ang mga filter sa iba pang actives sa dermokosmetic regimens.
UVA vs UVB: action spectra and skin outcomesOrganic filters: mechanisms and safety profileMineral filters: particle size and whiteningPhotostability, filter pairing, and boostersVehicle types, film formation, and adherenceCombining sunscreens with irritant-prone activesAralin 4Anti-Inflammatory at Barrier-Repair Agents: Niacinamide, Panthenol, Ceramides, Cholesterol, Fatty AcidsGalugarin ng seksyong ito ang anti-inflammatory at barrier-repair na sangkap tulad ng niacinamide, panthenol, ceramides, cholesterol, at fatty acids. Iniuugnay nito ang molecular na aksyon sa klinikal na resulta sa acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, at irritant dermatitis.
Niacinamide: mechanisms, benefits, and limitsPanthenol and soothing of acute irritationCeramide subclasses and lamellar organizationCholesterol and fatty acids in barrier balanceOptimal ceramide:cholesterol:fatty acid ratiosBarrier repair in atopic and irritant dermatitisAralin 5Preservatives, Fragrance, at Common Sensitizers: Parabens, Formaldehyde Releasers, Essential OilsSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang preservatives, fragrance components, at classic sensitizers. Ipinaliliwanag nito ang mga mekanismo ng preservation, typical allergenic pathways, patch test relevance, at kung paano pumili ng lower-risk na opsyon para sa sensitive o compromised na balat.
Mechanisms of cosmetic preservation and stabilityParabens: safety data, myths, and regulatory statusFormaldehyde releasers and contact allergy riskFragrance mixes, essential oils, and sensitizationLabel reading for fragrance-free and hypoallergenicPatch testing relevance and counseling patientsAralin 6Antioxidants at Supportive Actives: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid), Tocopherol, at Niacinamide InteractionsSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang mga pangunahing antioxidant at supportive actives, na nakatuon sa vitamin C, vitamin E, at niacinamide. Tinatakpan nito ang stability, synergistic combinations, potential incompatibilities, at kung paano protektahan ng mga ahenteng ito laban sa oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress pathways in skin agingAscorbic acid forms, pH, and stabilizationTocopherol and lipid phase antioxidant synergyVitamin C and E co-formulation strategiesNiacinamide interactions with acidic formulasAntioxidants in photoprotection regimensAralin 7Retinoids at Retinaldehyde: Efficacy, Irritation Management, at PhotosensitivityTinutukoy ng seksyong ito ang mga topical retinoids, kabilang ang retinol, retinaldehyde, at prescription analogs. Sinusuri nito ang mga mekanismo, antiaging at acne evidence, irritation pathways, photosensitivity issues, at mga estratehiya upang bumuo ng tolerance at pagsamahin ang actives.
Retinoid family overview and skin pharmacologyEvidence for acne, photoaging, and dyschromiaRetinaldehyde vs retinol: potency and tolerabilityIrritation mechanisms and barrier impairmentRetinization protocols and buffering strategiesPhotosensitivity, photoprotection, and timingAralin 8Humectants at Hydrators: Hyaluronic Acid, Glycerin, Propanediol — Molecular Weight ConsiderationsGalugarin ng seksyong ito ang humectants at water-binding hydrators, kabilang ang hyaluronic acid, glycerin, at propanediol. Ipinaliliwanag nito ang molecular weight, penetration, tackiness, at kung paano ipares ang humectants sa occlusives upang maiwasan ang barrier dehydration.
Mechanisms of humectancy and water bindingHyaluronic acid molecular weights and effectsGlycerin: efficacy, safety, and sensory profilePropanediol and multifunctional solvent rolesPairing humectants with occlusives and emollientsHydrator choices for oily vs very dry skinAralin 9Keratolytics at Exfoliants: Salicylic Acid, Glycolic Acid, Lactic Acid — Concentration, pH, at Irritation RiskSinusuri ng seksyong ito ang keratolytics at exfoliants tulad ng salicylic, glycolic, at lactic acids. Ipinaliliwanag nito ang concentration, pH, penetration depth, at irritation risk, na gumagabay sa ligtas na paggamit sa acne, photoaging, dyschromia, at sensitive skin.
Beta-hydroxy vs alpha-hydroxy acid mechanismsRole of pH and concentration in acid potencySalicylic acid in acne and seborrheic skinGlycolic acid for photoaging and dyschromiaLactic acid for dry and sensitive-prone skinLayering acids with retinoids and vitamin C
