Aralin 1Interappointment medication at dressing (calcium hydroxide): indikasyon at protocolsAng seksyong ito ay nagpapaliwanag ng indikasyon para sa interappointment medication, na nakatuon sa calcium hydroxide. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa placement techniques, contact time, dressing materials, temporary sealing, at protocols para sa retreatment o persistent exudation.
Indications for calcium hydroxide useMixing and placement techniquesDuration of intracanal medicationManagement of persistent exudationDressings in retreatment casesRemoval of calcium hydroxide before fillAralin 2Irrigation fundamentals: sodium hypochlorite concentration at activation (ultrasonic, sonic), EDTA use, irrigation safetyAng seksyong ito ay nagre-review ng irrigation goals, sodium hypochlorite concentrations, at EDTA use. Ito ay nagpapaliwanag ng needle selection, activation methods tulad ng ultrasonic at sonic, irrigation sequences, at safety measures upang pigilan ang extrusion at accidents.
Biologic goals of root canal irrigationSodium hypochlorite concentration choicesEDTA timing and smear layer removalNeedle design and irrigation depthUltrasonic and sonic activation methodsPreventing irrigant extrusion accidentsAralin 3Rubber dam isolation: techniques para sa posterior teeth, clamps selection, at isolation troubleshootingAng seksyong ito ay nagre-review ng rubber dam armamentarium, clamp selection, at isolation techniques para sa posterior teeth. Ito ay tumutugon sa karaniwang hamon tulad ng malpositioned teeth, broken crowns, at limited opening, plus tips para sa patient comfort at safety.
Rubber dam components and setupClamp selection for molars and premolarsPunching and placing dam for quadrantsIsolation in broken or carious crownsManaging limited mouth openingPreventing leakage and soft tissue injuryAralin 4Working length determination: apex locator use, radiographic confirmation, handling unusual root morphologyAng seksyong ito ay sumasaklaw sa working length concepts, apex locator principles, at stepwise klinikal na paggamit. Ito ay kinabibilangan ng radiographic confirmation, troubleshooting ng inconsistent readings, at pag-adapt ng techniques para sa resorption, open apices, at complex root forms.
Apical constriction and reference pointsApex locator setup and calibrationClinical steps with apex locatorsRadiographic verification techniquesManaging open apices and resorptionTroubleshooting erratic readingsAralin 5Canal location strategies: kaalaman ng mesial root anatomy, groove locations, ultrasonics para sa troughingAng seksyong ito ay nakatuon sa systematic na canal location gamit ang kaalaman ng root anatomy at grooves. Ito ay nagha-highlight ng mesial root landmarks, paggamit ng ultrasonics para sa troughing, staining at magnification, at strategies upang iwasan ang perforation habang nagse-search.
Anatomic landmarks in mandibular molarsMesial root and groove orientationTroughing with ultrasonics safelyUse of dyes and magnification aidsManaging calcified chamber floorsAvoiding strip and furcation perforationAralin 6Magnification at illumination: pagpili at ergonomics ng loupes vs operating microscope, practical benefitsAng seksyong ito ay tumatalakay sa pagpili at ergonomic use ng loupes at operating microscopes. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa magnification levels, illumination options, posture, at kung paano mapabuti ng enhanced vision ang canal location, crack detection, at overall treatment precision.
Choosing magnification levels and opticsLoupes versus operating microscopeCoaxial illumination and light settingsErgonomic positioning and postureUsing magnification for canal locationMaintenance and infection controlAralin 7Obturation techniques para sa molar canals: warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, single cone na may sealer—selection criteriaAng seksyong ito ay nagko-compare ng obturation techniques para sa molar canals, kabilang ang warm vertical compaction, carrier-based systems, at single cone na may bioceramic sealer. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa case selection, armamentarium, at steps upang makamit ang dense, three-dimensional fills.
Criteria for timing of obturationWarm vertical compaction workflowCarrier-based obturation indicationsSingle cone with bioceramic sealerRadiographic evaluation of obturationManaging voids and underfillsAralin 8Coronal seal at provisional restoration: materials at techniques upang pigilan ang reinfectionAng seksyong ito ay nagpapaliwanag ng principles ng coronal sealing pagkatapos ng endodontikong therapy. Ito ay nagre-review ng provisional materials, access restoration techniques, strategies upang pigilan ang microleakage, at kung paano apektuhan ng temporary at definitive seals ang long-term outcomes.
Importance of immediate coronal sealSelection of temporary materialsTechniques for sealing access cavitiesPreventing microleakage and washoutTransition to definitive restorationsManaging lost or failed temporariesAralin 9Management ng complex anatomy: pag-locate at negotiating ng extra canals, isthmus cleaning techniquesAng seksyong ito ay tumutugon sa pagkilala at management ng complex root canal anatomy. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa pag-locate ng extra canals, isthmus cleaning strategies, paggamit ng CBCT at magnification, at shaping modifications upang mapanatili ang patency at iwasan ang iatrogenic damage.
Identifying teeth prone to extra canalsUse of CBCT for anatomic assessmentTroughing with ultrasonics for MB2Isthmus cleaning and activation methodsGlide path in severely curved canalsBypassing ledges and blockages safelyAralin 10Post-endodontikong restorative planning: core build-up, cuspal coverage, timing ng permanent restorationAng seksyong ito ay nakatuon sa pagpaplano ng definitive restoration pagkatapos ng root canal therapy. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa core build-up materials, posts kapag indicated, cuspal coverage decisions, timing ng crowns, at kung paano apektuhan ng restorative design ang long-term tooth survival.
Assessing remaining tooth structureCore build-up materials and techniquesIndications for post placementCuspal coverage versus direct restorationsTiming of permanent restorationsCommunication with restorative dentistAralin 11Shaping protocols: glide path creation, hand vs rotary vs reciprocating systems, sequencing at torque/speed settingsAng seksyong ito ay nagpapaliwanag ng glide path creation at nagko-compare ng hand, rotary, at reciprocating systems. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa sequencing, torque at speed settings, at strategies upang bawasan ang procedural errors habang pinoprotektahan ang dentin at canal anatomy.
Manual glide path creation stepsRotary glide path file selectionReciprocating systems indicationsRecommended torque and speed rangesSequencing for curved canalsAvoiding ledges, zips, and transportationAralin 12Anesthesia options para sa mandibular molars: inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltration, intraosseous, supplemental techniquesAng seksyong ito ay nagre-review ng anesthesia strategies para sa mandibular molars, kabilang ang inferior alveolar nerve block, buccal at lingual infiltrations, intraosseous at intraligamentary injections, at supplemental techniques para sa hot teeth at failures.
Inferior alveolar nerve block protocolBuccal and lingual infiltration techniquesIntraosseous injection indicationsIntraligamentary and intrapulpal useManaging hot teeth and failed blocksAnesthetic selection and bufferingAralin 13Access cavity preparation: outlines, instruments, prevention ng gouging at perforationAng seksyong ito ay nagdedetalye ng access cavity design para sa iba't ibang tooth groups, kabilang ang outline forms at depth control. Ito ay nagre-review ng burs at ultrasonic tips, strategies upang i-locate ang canals nang ligtas, at methods upang pigilan ang gouging, perforation, at missed canals.
Occlusal and lingual outline principlesBur selection and depth orientationUltrasonic refinement of access wallsLocating canal orifices safelyPreventing gouging and perforationManaging calcified or tilted teeth
