Aralin 1Indications for revascularization: endovascular vs open surgery, patient selection, peri-procedural planning, and outcomesTinutukoy nito ang mga panahon na dapat isaalang-alang ang revascularization para sa claudication at limb-threatening ischemia. Inihahalintulad ang mga endovascular at open na opsyon, pagpili ng pasyente, peri-procedural na pagpaplano, at realistic na inaasahan para sa patency at functional outcomes.
Indications sa claudication versus CLIEndovascular techniques at devicesOpen surgical bypass principlesAnatomic at clinical selection factorsOutcome expectations at complication risksAralin 2Medical management: antiplatelet therapy, statins, antihypertensives, glycemic control — drug classes, example agents, targets, and evidence basisTinatutukan ang mga antiplatelet agents, statins, antihypertensives, at glucose-lowering drugs sa PAD. Binibigyang-diin ang mga target sa paggamot, key trials, pagpili ng gamot sa mga comorbidity, at mga estratehiya upang mapabuti ang pagsunod at mabawasan ang mga hindi kanais-nais na epekto.
Antiplatelet options at dosing sa PADLipid lowering intensity at statin choiceBlood pressure targets at drug classesGlycemic control strategies sa PADPolypharmacy, adherence, at monitoringAralin 3Ankle-brachial index (ABI): technique, interpretation, and limitations (including falsely elevated ABI)Nagbibigay ng hakbang-hakbang na ABI measurement technique, paghahanda ng pasyente, at equipment setup. Ipinaliliwanag ang mga threshold sa interpretasyon, pitfalls tulad ng medial calcification, at complementary tests kapag hindi tama o hindi diagnostiko ang ABI.
Patient positioning at cuff selectionDoppler probe placement at readingsABI calculation at cutoff valuesRecognizing falsely elevated ABIWhen to use TBI o iba pang adjunct testsAralin 4Duplex ultrasonography for PAD: waveform analysis, peak systolic velocity ratios, and segmental localizationIpinaliliwanag ang duplex ultrasound physics na nauugnay sa PAD, scanning technique, at segmental evaluation. Binibigyang-diin ang waveform morphology, peak systolic velocity ratios, at criteria para sa grading ng stenosis at paglokal ng hemodynamically significant lesions.
Probe selection at patient positioningArterial mapping at segmental approachWaveform patterns sa health at diseasePeak systolic velocity ratio criteriaReporting at documentation standardsAralin 5Advanced vascular imaging: CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA indications, protocols, and common artifactsTinutustusan ang CTA at contrast-enhanced MRA indications, contraindications, at protocol optimization. Tinatutukan ang image acquisition, reconstruction, at pagkilala sa mga common artifacts na maaaring gayahin o itago ang peripheral arterial disease.
Patient selection para sa CTA versus MRAContrast use, dosing, at safety issuesAcquisition parameters at reconstructionRecognition ng motion at metal artifactsStrategies upang bawasan ang artifacts at misreadsAralin 6Pathophysiology of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and risk factorsInilalahad ang atherosclerotic mechanisms sa peripheral arteries, plaque evolution, at hemodynamic consequences. Binibigyang-diin ang systemic risk factors, kanilang mga interaksyon, at kung paano ito nagsisalin sa limb ischemia at hindi kanais-nais na cardiovascular outcomes.
Atherogenesis sa peripheral arterial bedsEndothelial dysfunction at inflammationHemodynamic impact ng stenosis at occlusionTraditional at emerging PAD risk factorsRisk factor clustering at global CV riskAralin 7Noninvasive functional tests: treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2)Nagbibigay ng detalye sa mga protocol para sa treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, at TcPO2. Nakatuon sa standardization, safety, interpretation thresholds, at kung paano gabayan ng mga functional tests na ito ang diagnosis, prognosis, at pagpili ng paggamot sa PAD.
Treadmill protocols at safety measuresTreadmill test interpretation sa PADToe-brachial index technique at cutoffsTcPO2 measurement setup at calibrationFunctional tests sa treatment decision-makingAralin 8Follow-up strategies for PAD patients: frequency, surveillance tests, wound care referral triggers, and secondary prevention metricsNagbubuo ng structured follow-up intervals pagkatapos ng PAD diagnosis o intervention. Tinatutukan ang surveillance testing, wound assessment, referral triggers, at tracking ng secondary prevention metrics upang bawasan ang limb loss at cardiovascular events.
Post-intervention surveillance schedulesUse ng ABI at duplex sa follow-upFoot exams at wound referral criteriaMonitoring risk factor control metricsPatient education at self-care plansAralin 9Exercise therapy and supervised walking programs: prescription, expected benefits, and monitoringNaglalarawan ng supervised walking programs, home-based regimens, at structured exercise prescriptions. Tinatalakay ang mga mekanismo ng benepisyo, inaasahang timeline, contraindications, at mga tool para sa monitoring ng pagsunod, sintomas, at functional gains.
Exercise prescription components sa PADSupervised versus home-based programsMechanisms ng improved walking distanceMonitoring symptoms at functional gainsContraindications at safety precautionsAralin 10Clinical presentation and differential diagnoses of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemiaNililinaw ang mga tipikal na tampok ng intermittent claudication at critical limb ischemia. Inihihiwalay ang PAD mula sa neurogenic, musculoskeletal, at venous causes ng leg pain, na gumagabay sa targeted evaluation at timely referral para sa advanced care.
Typical intermittent claudication featuresSigns ng critical limb ischemiaNeurogenic versus vascular claudicationMusculoskeletal at venous mimickersKey history at exam para sa differentiationAralin 11Acute limb ischemia recognition and first 24–48 hour management: anticoagulation, vascular surgery consult, thrombolysis and embolectomy basicsTinutugunan ang mabilis na pagkilala sa acute limb ischemia, bedside assessment, at risk stratification. Nagbubuo ng immediate anticoagulation, imaging choices, at koordinasyon sa vascular surgery para sa thrombolysis, embolectomy, o urgent revascularization.
Clinical classification ng acute limb ischemiaBedside vascular exam at Doppler useInitial anticoagulation at monitoringIndications para sa urgent vascular consultBasics ng thrombolysis at embolectomy
