Aralin 1Calibration, Linearity, at Limit-of-Detection Concepts para sa AnalyzersIpinalitaw ang mga konsepto ng calibration, linearity verification, at limits ng detection at quantitation para sa analyzers, na nagbibigay-diin sa mga protocol, acceptance criteria, at kung paano sumusuporta ang mga parameter na ito sa method validation at ongoing quality assurance.
Primary at secondary calibratorsCalibration curves at verificationLinearity assessment at reportable rangeLimit of detection at quantitationOngoing monitoring ng analytical performanceAralin 2Data Interfaces: LIS Integration, Middleware Rules, at Result RoutingNag-e-explore ng LIS connectivity, middleware configuration, at secure data routing, na nakatuon sa interface validation, rule-based result handling, error flags, at pagpapanatili ng data integrity, traceability, at cybersecurity sa clinical workflows.
Basic LIS–analyzer communication modelsMiddleware rules para sa result handlingResult routing, auto-filing, at holdsInterface validation at change controlData security, backups, at audit trailsAralin 3Clinical Chemistry Analyzers: BMP Assays, Ion-Selective Electrode para sa PotassiumPinag-aralan ang operasyon ng clinical chemistry analyzer para sa BMP assays, na nakatuon sa photometric at enzymatic methods, ion-selective electrode measurement ng potassium, karaniwang interferences, calibration, at internal quality checks para sa maaasahang resulta.
Core components ng chemistry analyzersPhotometric at enzymatic BMP assaysIon-selective electrode theory para sa K+Reagent integrity at carryover issuesInternal QC at analyzer performance checksAralin 4Maintenance Routines, Preventive Maintenance Logs, at TroubleshootingSumasaklaw sa daily, weekly, at periodic maintenance tasks, dokumentasyon ng preventive maintenance logs, at structured troubleshooting strategies upang mabawasan ang downtime, pahabain ang analyzer lifespan, at mapanatili ang accuracy at regulatory compliance.
Daily at weekly maintenance checklistsPag-dokumenta ng preventive maintenance logsTroubleshooting ng systematic vs random errorsEscalation sa vendor technical supportRegulatory at accreditation documentationAralin 5Delta Checks, Repeat Testing Rules, at Reflex Testing AlgorithmsIpinaliwanag ang delta checks, repeat testing criteria, at reflex testing algorithms, na binibigyang-diin ang evidence-based thresholds, clinical context, at kung paano mapapabuti ng mga tool na ito ang error detection, diagnostic yield, at efficient test utilization.
Principles at setup ng delta checksPagtukoy ng repeat testing thresholdsPagdidisenyo ng reflex testing algorithmsPagbalanse ng sensitivity at workloadPag-dokumenta ng rules at clinician communicationAralin 6Principles ng Hematology Analyzers: CBC Methodology at Common ArtifactsNaglarawan ng principles ng hematology analyzer para sa CBC, kabilang ang impedance at optical methods, sample flow, at karaniwang artifacts tulad ng platelet clumps, cold agglutinins, at lipemic interference, kasama ang mga estratehiya para sa detection at correction.
Impedance at optical counting principlesSample preparation at flow cell designPagkilala sa platelet clumps at clotsCold agglutinins at RBC agglutinationFlags na nagpo-prompt ng smear review at repeatsAralin 7Karaniwang Pre-analytical Interferences: Hemolysis, Lipemia, Icterus at ang Laboratory Detection NitoTumutugon sa pre-analytical interferences mula sa hemolysis, lipemia, at icterus, na nagdedetalye ng kanilang biochemical impact, detection sa indices o visual inspection, rejection criteria, at mga estratehiya upang mabawasan ang pagkakaroon at misinterpretation.
Mechanisms ng hemolysis sa specimensEpekto ng lipemia sa photometric assaysIcterus at bilirubin-related biasHIL indices versus visual inspectionSpecimen rejection at recollection rulesAralin 8Coagulation Analyzers: PT/INR Methodology (Photometric vs Mechanical Clot Detection)Naghahambing ng coagulation analyzer technologies para sa PT/INR, kabilang ang photometric at mechanical clot detection, reagent sensitivity, calibration sa international standards, at mga factors na nagdudulot ng spurious prolongation o instrument error flags.
Coagulation cascade at PT/INR basicsPhotometric clot detection principlesMechanical clot detection systemsISI, INR calculation, at calibrationInterferences at problematic specimensAralin 9Analyte-Specific Problem: Mga Dahilan at Hakbang sa Pagsisiyasat ng Spurious HyperkalemiaNakatuon sa spurious hyperkalemia, na naglalahad ng pre-analytical, analytical, at post-analytical causes, stepwise investigation, confirmatory testing, at komunikasyon sa clinicians upang maiwasan ang misdiagnosis at inappropriate treatment.
Pre-analytical causes ng false hyperkalemiaAnalytical at instrument-related issuesPaghahambing ng serum, plasma, at whole bloodAlgorithm para sa high potassium investigationReporting, comments, at clinician follow-upAralin 10Pag-unawa sa Index Flags mula sa Analyzers at Autoverification RulesIpinaliwanag ang analyzer index flags, kabilang ang hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, at instrument error codes, at kung paano gumagamit ang autoverification rules ng mga flags na ito, delta checks, at critical limits upang ligtas na i-release o i-hold ang mga resulta para sa review.
Mga Uri ng analyzer index at system flagsFlag thresholds at analytical limitationsPagdidisenyo ng safe autoverification rulesPag-integrate ng delta at critical limitsManual review at override procedures
