Somo 1Uchanganuzi wa kumbukumbu: free -m, /proc/meminfo, slabtop, smem—kutafsiri kumbukumbu iliyotumika dhidi ya inayopatikana na tabia ya swapHapa utachanganua tabia ya kumbukumbu ukitumia free, /proc/meminfo, slabtop, na smem. Sehemu hii inaeleza akiba ya Linux, bufferi, na reclaim, jinsi ya kutafsiri matumizi ya swap, na jinsi ya kutambua uvujaji wa kumbukumbu, mgawanyiko, na mipaka isiyopangwa vizuri.
Reading free -m and understanding cached memoryKey fields in /proc/meminfo for diagnosisUsing slabtop to inspect kernel slab usageUsing smem to attribute memory per processRecognizing swap thrashing and OOM risksSomo 2Matumizi ya mtandao na vizuizi: iftop, nload, ss, netstat, ip -s link, tc, tcpdump—kutambua kujaa kwa mtandao na muunganisho wenye matatizoSehemu hii inashughulikia kutambua matumizi ya mtandao na vizuizi ukitumia iftop, nload, ss, ip, tc, na tcpdump. Utajifunza kutambua kujaa, majirani wenye kelele, hali za muunganisho, na matatizo ya kiwango cha pakiti yanayochangia programu zinazochukua muda.
Monitoring live bandwidth with iftop and nloadInspecting sockets and states with ssUsing ip -s link to view interface errorsBasics of tc for shaping and rate limitingTargeted packet capture with tcpdumpSomo 3Latency ya uhifadhi na I/O ya kina: blktrace, bpftrace (skripiti za msingi), fio kwa vipimo—jinsi ya kupima na kutafsiri latency na throughputSehemu hii inashughulikia latency ya uhifadhi na uchanganuzi wa I/O wa kina ukitumia blktrace, skripiti za msingi za bpftrace, na vipimo vya fio. Utajifunza kupima latency na throughput, kutafsiri kina cha foleni, na kutofautisha mipaka ya kifaa na matatizo ya mzigo wa kazi.
Understanding latency, IOPS, and throughputUsing blktrace to inspect block I/O patternsIntroductory bpftrace scripts for disk latencyDesigning fio workloads that mimic productionReading fio reports and spotting bottlenecksSomo 4Uchunguzi wa michakato: ps, filta za top/htop, pgrep, pidstat, nice/renice—jinsi ya kupata michakato nzito ya CPU na kumbukumbuUtajifunza kuchunguza michakato kwa ps, filta za top au htop, pgrep, pidstat, na nice au renice. Sehemu hii inaonyesha jinsi ya kutambua kazi nzito za CPU na kumbukumbu, kufuatilia I/O kwa kila mchakato, na kurekebisha vipaumbele ili kupunguza mgongano.
Listing and filtering processes with psUsing pgrep and pkill safely and preciselyUsing pidstat for per process CPU and I/OFiltering top and htop by user or resourceAdjusting priorities with nice and reniceSomo 5Muhtasari wa rasilimali za mfumo: top, htop, vmstat, mpstat, dstat—kinachonionesha kila moja na mifumo ya pato inayotarajiwaHapa utajifunza kusoma picha za rasilimali za mfumo mzima ukitumia zana kama top, htop, vmstat, mpstat, na dstat. Sehemu hii inalenga kuelewa vipimo vya CPU, kumbukumbu, na mzigo, na kutambua mifumo ya kawaida dhidi ya mifumo ya ugonjwa.
Key CPU, load, and memory fields in topUsing htop for interactive process analysisvmstat for run queue, swap, and I/O insightmpstat for per-CPU utilization and steal timedstat for combined multi-resource timelinesSomo 6I/O ya diski na uchunguzi wa mfumo wa jalada: iostat, iotop, sar -d, lsblk, df -h, du -sh, tune2fs, xfs_info—kutambua vizuizi vya I/O na nafasi ndogoSehemu hii inalenga I/O ya diski na afya ya mfumo wa jalada ukitumia iostat, iotop, sar -d, lsblk, df, du, tune2fs, na xfs_info. Utajifunza kutambua kujaa, mkusanyiko wa foleni, makosa ya mfumo wa jalada, na hali za nafasi ndogo zinazoharibu utendaji.
Using iostat to spot busy and slow devicesUsing iotop to find I/O heavy processessar -d for historical disk utilization trendsChecking layout and types with lsblk and dfFinding space hogs with du and inode checksSomo 7Kumbukumbu za mfumo na journaling: journalctl (systemd), /var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, kumbukumbu za uthibitisho—kinachotafutwa na kwa niniSehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ya kutumia journalctl ya systemd na faili za kumbukumbu za zamani kama /var/log/messages, /var/log/syslog, na kumbukumbu za uthibitisho. Utajifunza mifumo gani ya kutafuta, jinsi ya kuchuja kelele, na jinsi kumbukumbu zinasaidia uchanganuzi wa sababu za msingi.
journalctl basics and useful filtering optionsReading /var/log/messages and /var/log/syslogFinding errors, warnings, and rate-limited eventsAnalyzing authentication and sudo related logsCorrelating log timestamps with incidentsSomo 8Kufuatilia kwa msingi wa wakati na kihistoria: sar, sysstat, collectl—kukusanya na kusoma takwimu za kihistoria ili kuunganisha matukioUtajifunza kukusanya na kutafsiri takwimu za kihistoria ukitumia sar, sysstat, na collectl. Sehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ya kupanga kukusanya data, kusoma ripoti za mfululizo wa wakati, na kuunganisha makosa ya utendaji na mabadiliko ya mipangilio au mwezeshaji.
Enabling and configuring sysstat collectionUsing sar for CPU, memory, and I/O historyReading sar network and load average trendsUsing collectl for multi-resource timelinesCorrelating metrics with change windowsSomo 9Maarifa ya kernel na scheduler: dmesg, sysctl -a, vigezo vya /proc/sys/vm—ujumbe wa kernel na vigezo vinavyobadilika vinavyofichua niniHapa utachunguza maarifa ya kernel na scheduler ukitumia dmesg, sysctl, na vigezo vya /proc/sys/vm. Sehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ujumbe wa kernel, vigezo vinavyobadilika, na tabia ya scheduler inavyofichua matatizo ya vifaa, mipangilio mibaya, na chaguo za kurekebisha.
Reading dmesg for hardware and driver issuesListing and querying sysctl tunable valuesKey /proc/sys/vm parameters for memoryScheduler related kernel parameters overviewSafely persisting kernel tuning changesSomo 10Mbinu ya kutambua sababu za msingi: mti wa maamuzi wa hatua kwa hatua wa kutunga matatizo kama CPU, RAM, I/O ya diski, au mtandaoSehemu hii inawasilisha mti wa maamuzi wa vitendo kwa uchanganuzi wa sababu za msingi. Utajifunza kutunga matukio kama CPU, kumbukumbu, I/O ya diski, au mtandao, zana zipi za kukimbiza katika kila tawi, na jinsi ya kuboresha dhana kwa kutumia ushahidi uliokusanywa.
Initial triage and problem statementClassifying CPU versus I/O bound symptomsDistinguishing memory pressure from leaksIdentifying network versus local bottlenecksIterative hypothesis testing with metrics
