Somo 1Mpangilio wa pakiti za betri na maeneo: chini ya sakafu, nyuma ya shehena, eneo la injini—upatikanaji wa huduma, udhibiti wa joto, na mazingatio ya ulinzi dhidi ya ajaliSehemu hii inachunguza mahali ambapo pakiti za betri za umeme na PHEV zimewekwa kwenye gari, jinsi mpangilio unavyoathiri uwezo wa huduma, upoa, NVH, na usalama wa ajali, na mambo ambayo fundi lazima aangalie kabla ya kuondoa au kusanisha pakiti.
Underfloor pack designs and structural integrationRear cargo pack placement and space trade-offsEngine bay packs and heat exposure risksService access points, lifting and removal pathsCrash protection zones and intrusion mitigationSomo 2Udhibiti wa joto kwa betri za voltage ya juu: upoa kioevu dhidi hewa, mizunguko ya baridi, sensorer, na athari kwa umbali wa umeme na maisha marefuSehemu hii inalinganisha mikakati ya upoa hewa na kioevu kwa betri za HV, inachunguza mizunguko ya baridi, pampu, valivu, na sensorer, na inaelezea jinsi udhibiti wa joto unavyoathiri mipaka ya nguvu, nishati inayoweza kutumika, umbali, na maisha ya betri ya muda mrefu.
Air-cooled pack layouts and airflow pathsLiquid-cooled plates, jackets, and chillersCoolant pumps, valves, and heat exchangersTemperature, flow, and pressure sensorsCold-weather preconditioning and heatersThermal limits, derating, and aging impactSomo 3Voltage za kawaida za pakiti: safu za kawaida kwa umeme mdogo, umelezi kamili, umeme unaoshikamana, na BEV na jinsi muundo wa pakiti unavyoathiri voltageSehemu hii inachunguza safu za kawaida za voltage ya pakiti kwa umeme mdogo, umelezi kamili, umeme unaoshikamana, na BEV, na inaelezea jinsi idadi ya seli za mfululizo, mpangilio wa moduli, na vifaa vya kubadilisha vinavyoamua voltage ya kawaida na mipaka ya usalama.
Voltage ranges for mild hybrid systemsFull hybrid and PHEV voltage rangesBEV pack voltages and segmentingSeries cell counts and module stackingContactors, precharge, and HV bus designVoltage class, PPE, and service limitsSomo 4Kebo za voltage ya juu, viunganisho, plugsi za huduma, na interlocks: coding ya rangi, insulation, ulinzi, na hali za uharibifu wa kawaidaSehemu hii inaelezea kebo za voltage ya juu, viunganisho, plugsi za huduma, na interlocks, ikijumuisha coding ya rangi ya machungwa, mifumo ya insulation, ulinzi kwa EMI, vipengele vya lockout, na jinsi ya kutambua, kupima, na kusajili hali za uharibifu au kushindwa kwa usalama.
Orange HV cable standards and markingsInsulation types, creepage and clearance limitsShielding, grounding, and EMI control methodsService plugs, disconnects, and lockout stepsInterlock loops, continuity checks, and faultsTypical abrasion, corrosion, and arc damageSomo 5Mifumo ya ziada ya voltage ya juu: vibadilisha vya DC-DC, chaja za ndani, viingilio vya EVSE, na misingi ya umeme wa nguvu (inverter, motor)Sehemu hii inatanguliza vifaa vya ziada vya voltage ya juu, ikijumuisha vibadilisha vya DC-DC, chaja za ndani, viingilio vya chaja, inverters, na drive za motor, na inaelezea njia za mtiririko wa nguvu kati ya betri, mfumo wa 12 V, na vifaa vya traction.
DC-DC converter roles and topologiesOnboard charger stages and power factorsEVSE inlet types and communication basicsInverter operation and PWM fundamentalsMotor types used in hybrids and PHEVsGrounding, isolation, and leakage checksSomo 6Kemikali za betri zinazotumiwa katika umeme wa kisasa/PHEVs (Li-ion, NMC, LFP, NiMH) na jinsi kemikali inavyoathiri utendaji, uharibifu, na usalamaSehemu hii inachunguza kemikali kuu zinazotumiwa katika umeme wa kisasa/PHEVs, ikijumuisha anuwai za Li-ion kama NMC na LFP, pamoja na NiMH, na inaelezea jinsi kila kemikali inavyoathiri wiani wa nishati, uwezo wa nguvu, maisha ya mzunguko, gharama, na tabia ya usalama.
Key Li-ion cell components and reactionsNMC chemistry traits for hybrids and PHEVsLFP chemistry traits and safety advantagesNiMH chemistry and legacy hybrid systemsChemistry effects on energy and power densityChemistry-driven safety and abuse responseSomo 7Muundo wa moduli na seli za betri: upangaji wa mfululizo/sambamba, ufuatiliaji wa moduli, na jukumu la mfumo wa udhibiti wa betri (BMS)Sehemu hii inaelezea jinsi seli zinavyounganishwa katika moduli na pakiti kwa viunganisho vya mfululizo na sambamba, jinsi ya kupima na voltage, na jinsi BMS inavyofuata moduli, kusawazisha seli, na kulinda pakiti dhidi ya hali zinazoharibu.
Series strings and pack voltage scalingParallel groups and current capabilityModule construction, busbars, and fusingSensing harnesses and module monitoring ICsCell balancing strategies: passive and activeBMS protection limits and fault responsesSomo 8Vipimo vya hali ya betri: hali ya chaji (SoC), hali ya afya (SoH), hali ya nguvu (SoP), na mbinu za kupima za kawaida na vipimo vya utambuziSehemu hii inafafanua hali ya chaji, hali ya afya, na hali ya nguvu, inaelezea algoriti za makadirio ya kawaida na pembejeo za sensorer, na inaonyesha jinsi OEM wanavyoweka vipimo vya utambuzi vinavyosababisha maonyo, kupunguza, au hatua za huduma.
State of charge concepts and estimationState of health indicators and capacity lossState of power and dynamic limitsVoltage, current, and temperature inputsKalman filters and model-based observersDiagnostic thresholds and DTC strategies