Somo 1Sheria za maamuzi kwa udhibiti wa nje dhidi ya kulazwa: mwongozo wa WHO na AAP kuhusu ukali wa pneumonia na vigezo vya kulazwaInachunguza sheria za maamuzi kwa udhibiti wa nje ya hospitali dhidi ya kulazwa hospitalini kwa kutumia vigezo vya WHO na AAP, ikichanganya kujaa oksijeni, uwezo wa kunyonya, kazi ya kupumua, na sababu za kijamii ili kusaidia upangaji salama wa mahali.
WHO pneumonia severity categoriesAAP criteria for hospital admissionRole of oxygen saturation and work of breathingFeeding ability and home support factorsPlanning safe follow-up and reviewSomo 2Triage na ishara nyekundu zinazohitaji kurejelea dharura: shida kubwa ya kupumua, hypoxia, kunyonya vibaya, apnea ya kurudia, cyanosisInafafanua vipaumbele vya triage na ishara nyekundu kama shida kubwa ya kupumua, hypoxia, kunyonya vibaya, apnea ya kurudia, na cyanosis, ikiongoza kurejelea dharura, hatua za utulivu, na uhamisho salama wa watoto wachanga wenye ugonjwa unaohatarisha maisha.
Recognizing severe respiratory distressIdentifying hypoxia and cyanosisRecurrent apnea and altered consciousnessPoor oral intake and dehydration riskStabilization before transfer or referralSomo 3Utambuzi wa tofauti kwa homa na kikohozi na kupumua kwa kasi: bronchiolitis, pneumonia inayopatikana katika jamii, pertussis, URTI ya virusiInachunguza utambuzi wa tofauti muhimu kwa watoto wachanga wenye homa, kikohozi, na kupumua kwa kasi, ikiwemo bronchiolitis, pneumonia inayopatikana katika jamii, pertussis, na URTI ya virusi, ikiangazia sifa za kliniki za kutofautisha na athari kwa vipimo na matibabu.
Clinical features of bronchiolitisCommunity-acquired pneumonia patternsRecognition of pertussis in infantsFeatures of viral URTI and overlapRed flags suggesting alternative diagnosesSomo 4Uchunguzi wa mstari wa kwanza: maagizo ya radiografia za kifua, vipimo vya virusi vya nasopharyngeal, hesabu kamili ya damu na CRP inapohitajikaInaelezea wakati wa kuagiza radiografia za kifua, vipimo vya PCR au antigeni vya virusi, na kazi ya msingi ya damu kwa watoto wachanga wenye dalili za kupumua za ghafla, ikilenga kuepuka vipimo visivyo vya lazima wakati wa kutambua ugonjwa mkubwa wa bakteria au wa kawaida.
Chest radiograph indications and limitationsNasopharyngeal viral PCR and rapid testsRole of full blood count and CRPInterpreting mixed viral and bacterial resultsSomo 5Fiziopatolojia na sababu za kawaida za kikohozi, homa, na tachypnea kwa watoto wachangaInaelezea fiziolojia ya njia hewa na mapafu katika utoto mdogo na jinsi sababu za virusi, bakteria, na kimazingira husababisha kikohozi, homa, na tachypnea, ikichanganya utambuzi wa kawaida kama bronchiolitis, pneumonia, na URTI ya virusi kwa taratibu za msingi.
Infant airway anatomy and complianceMechanisms of cough and mucus productionCauses of fever in respiratory infectionsEtiology of tachypnea in young infantsSomo 6Ishara za kliniki za shida ya kupumua: kupanuka pua, kuvuta kifua, grunting, viwango vya tachypnea maalum kwa umriInaelezea ishara za kliniki za shida ya kupumua kwa watoto wachanga, ikiwemo kupanuka pua, kuvuta kifua, grunting, na viwango vya tachypnea maalum kwa umri, na inaelezea jinsi ya kuthibitisha ukali na kufuatilia mabadiliko kwa wakati kitandani.
Nasal flaring and head bobbingChest indrawing and retraction patternsGrunting and use of accessory musclesAge-specific tachypnea thresholdsScoring systems for distress severitySomo 7Kanuni za matibabu: viwango vya tiba ya oksijeni, huduma ya msaada ya bronchiolitis, maagizo ya antibiotics za mdomo dhidi ya IV, mwongozo wa bronchodilator na corticosteroidInahitimisha mikakati ya matibabu ikiwemo viwango vya tiba ya oksijeni, huduma ya msaada ya bronchiolitis, na wakati wa kutumia antibiotics za mdomo dhidi ya IV, mwongozo wa bronchodilator na corticosteroid, ikisisitiza mazoezi yanayotegemea ushahidi na kuepuka dawa zisizo za lazima.
Oxygen therapy thresholds and deliverySupportive care in bronchiolitisOral versus IV antibiotic indicationsBronchodilator and corticosteroid useMonitoring response and treatment failureSomo 8Vipimo vya kitanda vya awali: tafsiri ya oximetria ya pulse, kupima kiwango cha kupumua, kujaza upya kapilari, glukosi ya kitendaInashughulikia zana za tathmini za kitanda ikiwemo oximetria ya pulse, kupima kiwango cha kupumua, kujaza upya kapilari, na glukosi ya kitanda, na vidokezo vya vitendo ili kupata usomaji sahihi na kutafsiri matokeo kwa watoto wachanga.
Correct pulse oximetry techniqueMeasuring respiratory rate accuratelyAssessing capillary refill and perfusionPoint-of-care glucose indicationsIntegrating bedside findings into triageSomo 9Maswali muhimu ya historia: muda na mwanzo wa dalili, kunyonya na unyevu, chanjo, mawasiliano ya nyumbani, mfiduo wa moshiInaelezea kuchukua historia iliyolenga kwa watoto wachanga wenye dalili za kupumua, ikiwemo mwanzo na muda, kunyonya na unyevu, hali ya chanjo, mawasiliano ya nyumbani, na mfiduo wa moshi, ili kuongoza kupanga hatari na maamuzi ya udhibiti.
Symptom onset, duration, and progressionFeeding, fluid intake, and output historyImmunization status and missed vaccinesHousehold contacts and sick exposuresEnvironmental smoke and pollutant exposureSomo 10Ushauri wa walezi: huduma nyumbani, wakati wa kurudi, udhibiti wa unyevu na homa nyumbani, kuimarisha chanjoInatoa mwongozo wa kushauri walezi kuhusu huduma nyumbani, unyevu, udhibiti wa homa, matumizi ya dawa, na chanjo, na kutoa maagizo wazi kuhusu ishara za hatari na wakati wa kutafuta tathmini ya dharura.
Explaining diagnosis and expected courseHome hydration and feeding strategiesSafe fever management and medicationsReturn precautions and danger signsReinforcing routine and catch-up vaccinesSomo 11Marejeleo ya mwongozo: mapendekezo ya WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) kuhusu pneumonia, mwongozo wa AAP wa bronchiolitis, itifaki za kitaifa za kupumua za watotoInahitimisha mapendekezo muhimu kutoka WHO IMCI, mwongozo wa AAP wa bronchiolitis, na itifaki za kupumua za watoto za kitaifa, ikisisitiza usawa wa mazoezi ya ndani na viwango vya kimataifa vinavyotegemea ushahidi kwa huduma ya watoto wachanga.
WHO IMCI pneumonia classificationsAAP bronchiolitis management guidanceNational pediatric pneumonia protocolsAdapting guidelines to local resourcesSomo 12Udhibiti wa maji na kunyonya kwa watoto wachanga wenye unyevu uliopunguaInashughulikia tathmini ya unyevu na kunyonya kwa watoto wachanga wagonjwa, hesabu ya mahitaji ya maji, matumizi salama ya maji ya mdomo, nasogastric, na IV, na kufuatilia ili kuzuia upungufu maji, unyevu mwingi, na hatari za kupumua zinazohusiana na kunyonya.
Assessing hydration and urine outputOral and nasogastric feeding strategiesIndications for IV fluids and ratesMonitoring for fluid overload and hyponatremia