Somo la 1Mpangilio wa pakiti za betri na maeneo: chini ya sakafu, nyuma ya shehla, eneo la injini—upatikanaji wa huduma, udhibiti wa joto, na mazingatio ya ulinzi dhidi ya ajaliSehemu hii inachunguza mahali ambapo pakiti za betri za mseto na PHEV zimewekwa katika gari, jinsi mpangilio unavyoathiri uwezekano wa huduma, upozi, NVH, na usalama wa ajali, na mambo ambayo fundi lazima achunguze kabla ya kuondoa au kusakinisha pakiti.
Underfloor pack designs and structural integrationRear cargo pack placement and space trade-offsEngine bay packs and heat exposure risksService access points, lifting and removal pathsCrash protection zones and intrusion mitigationSomo la 2Udhibiti wa joto kwa betri za voltage kubwa: kupoa kioevu dhidi hewa, mizunguko ya baridi, sensor, na athari kwa umbali wa umeme na maisha marefuSehemu hii inalinganisha mikakati ya kupoa hewa na kioevu kwa betri za HV, inachunguza mizunguko ya baridi, pampu, valivu, na sensor, na inaelezea jinsi udhibiti wa joto unavyoathiri mipaka ya nguvu, nishati inayoweza kutumika, umbali, na maisha ya muda mrefu ya betri.
Air-cooled pack layouts and airflow pathsLiquid-cooled plates, jackets, and chillersCoolant pumps, valves, and heat exchangersTemperature, flow, and pressure sensorsCold-weather preconditioning and heatersThermal limits, derating, and aging impactSomo la 3Voltage za kawaida za pakiti: viwango vya kawaida kwa mseto mdogo, mseto kamili, mseto wa plug-in, na BEV na jinsi muundo wa pakiti unavyoathiri voltageSehemu hii inachunguza viwango vya kawaida vya voltage ya pakiti kwa mseto mdogo, mseto kamili, mseto wa plug-in, na BEV, na inaelezea jinsi idadi ya seli za mfululizo, mpangilio wa moduli, na vifaa vya kubadilisha vinavyoamua voltage ya kawaida na mipaka ya usalama.
Voltage ranges for mild hybrid systemsFull hybrid and PHEV voltage rangesBEV pack voltages and segmentingSeries cell counts and module stackingContactors, precharge, and HV bus designVoltage class, PPE, and service limitsSomo la 4Kebo za voltage kubwa, kontakti, service plugs, na interlocks: coding ya rangi, insulation, ulinzi, na hali za uharibifu wa kawaidaSehemu hii inaelezea kebo za voltage kubwa, kontakti, na interlocks, ikijumuisha coding ya rangi ya machungwa, mifumo ya insulation, ulinzi kwa EMI, vipengele vya lockout, na jinsi ya kutambua, kupima, na kusajili hali za uharibifu au kushindwa kwa usalama.
Orange HV cable standards and markingsInsulation types, creepage and clearance limitsShielding, grounding, and EMI control methodsService plugs, disconnects, and lockout stepsInterlock loops, continuity checks, and faultsTypical abrasion, corrosion, and arc damageSomo la 5Mifumo ya ziada ya voltage kubwa: vibadilisha vya DC-DC, chaja za ndani, viingilio vya EVSE, na misingi ya umeme wa nguvu (inverter, motor)Sehemu hii inatanguliza vifaa vya ziada vya voltage kubwa, ikijumuisha vibadilisha vya DC-DC, chaja za ndani, viingilio vya chaji, inverter, na drive za motor, na inaelezea njia za mtiririko wa nguvu kati ya betri, mfumo wa 12 V, na vifaa vya traction.
DC-DC converter roles and topologiesOnboard charger stages and power factorsEVSE inlet types and communication basicsInverter operation and PWM fundamentalsMotor types used in hybrids and PHEVsGrounding, isolation, and leakage checksSomo la 6Kemikali za betri zinazotumiwa katika mseto/PHEV za kisasa (Li-ion, NMC, LFP, NiMH) na jinsi kemikali inavyoathiri utendaji, uharibifu, na usalamaSehemu hii inachunguza kemikali kuu zinazotumiwa katika mseto na PHEV, ikijumuisha anuwai za Li-ion kama NMC na LFP, pamoja na NiMH, na inaelezea jinsi kila kemikali inavyoathiri wiani wa nishati, uwezo wa nguvu, maisha ya mzunguko, gharama, na tabia ya usalama.
Key Li-ion cell components and reactionsNMC chemistry traits for hybrids and PHEVsLFP chemistry traits and safety advantagesNiMH chemistry and legacy hybrid systemsChemistry effects on energy and power densityChemistry-driven safety and abuse responseSomo la 7Muundo wa moduli na seli za betri: mpangilio wa mfululizo/sambamba, ufuatiliaji wa moduli, na jukumu la mfumo wa udhibiti wa betri (BMS)Sehemu hii inaelezea jinsi seli zinavyounganishwa katika moduli na pakiti kwa kutumia unganisho la mfululizo na sambamba, jinsi mkondo na voltage vinavyopungua, na jinsi BMS inavyofuata moduli, kusawazisha seli, na kulinda pakiti dhidi ya hali zinazoharibu.
Series strings and pack voltage scalingParallel groups and current capabilityModule construction, busbars, and fusingSensing harnesses and module monitoring ICsCell balancing strategies: passive and activeBMS protection limits and fault responsesSomo la 8Vipimo vya hali ya betri: hali ya chaji (SoC), hali ya afya (SoH), hali ya nguvu (SoP), na mbinu za kupima na vipimo vya uchunguziSehemu hii inafafanua hali ya chaji, hali ya afya, na hali ya nguvu, inaelezea algoriti za makadirio ya kawaida na pembejeo za sensor, na inaonyesha jinsi OEM wanavyoweka vipimo vya uchunguzi vinavyosababisha maonyo, kupunguza, au hatua za huduma.
State of charge concepts and estimationState of health indicators and capacity lossState of power and dynamic limitsVoltage, current, and temperature inputsKalman filters and model-based observersDiagnostic thresholds and DTC strategies