Somo la 1Dawa na dressing kati ya miadi (calcium hydroxide): dalili na itifakiSehemu hii inaeleza dalili za dawa kati ya miadi, ikilenga kwenye calcium hydroxide. Inashughulikia mbinu za kuweka, muda wa mawasiliano, vifaa vya dressing, sealing ya muda mfupi, na itifaki za retreatment au exudation inayoendelea.
Indications for calcium hydroxide useMixing and placement techniquesDuration of intracanal medicationManagement of persistent exudationDressings in retreatment casesRemoval of calcium hydroxide before fillSomo la 2Msingi wa irrigation: viwango vya sodium hypochlorite na activation (ultrasonic, sonic), matumizi ya EDTA, usalama wa irrigationSehemu hii inaangalia malengo ya irrigation, viwango vya sodium hypochlorite, na matumizi ya EDTA. Inaeleza uchaguzi wa sindano, mbinu za activation kama ultrasonic na sonic, mifuatano ya irrigation, na hatua za usalama ili kuzuia extrusion na ajali.
Biologic goals of root canal irrigationSodium hypochlorite concentration choicesEDTA timing and smear layer removalNeedle design and irrigation depthUltrasonic and sonic activation methodsPreventing irrigant extrusion accidentsSomo la 3Isolation ya rubber dam: mbinu kwa meno ya nyuma, uchaguzi wa clamps, na utatuzi wa isolationSehemu hii inaangalia vifaa vya rubber dam, uchaguzi wa clamp, na mbinu za isolation kwa meno ya nyuma. Inashughulikia changamoto za kawaida kama meno yaliyowekwa vibaya, crowns zilizovunjika, na ufunguzi mdogo, pamoja na vidokezo kwa faraja na usalama wa mgonjwa.
Rubber dam components and setupClamp selection for molars and premolarsPunching and placing dam for quadrantsIsolation in broken or carious crownsManaging limited mouth openingPreventing leakage and soft tissue injurySomo la 4Kubaini urefu wa kazi: matumizi ya apex locator, uthibitisho wa radiographic, kushughulikia morphology ya mizizi isiyo ya kawaidaSehemu hii inashughulikia dhana za urefu wa kazi, kanuni za apex locator, na matumizi ya kliniki ya hatua kwa hatua. Inajumuisha uthibitisho wa radiographic, utatuzi wa kusoma kutofautiana, na kukubali mbinu kwa resorption, apices zilizo wazi, na fomu ngumu za mizizi.
Apical constriction and reference pointsApex locator setup and calibrationClinical steps with apex locatorsRadiographic verification techniquesManaging open apices and resorptionTroubleshooting erratic readingsSomo la 5Mikakati ya eneo la canal: maarifa ya anatomia ya mizizi ya mesial, maeneo ya groove, ultrasonics kwa troughingSehemu hii inalenga eneo la kimfumo la canal kwa kutumia maarifa ya anatomia ya mizizi na grooves. Inaangazia alama za mizizi ya mesial, matumizi ya ultrasonics kwa troughing, staining na magnification, na mikakati ya kuepuka perforation huku ikitafuta.
Anatomic landmarks in mandibular molarsMesial root and groove orientationTroughing with ultrasonics safelyUse of dyes and magnification aidsManaging calcified chamber floorsAvoiding strip and furcation perforationSomo la 6Magnification na mwanga: uchaguzi na ergonomiki ya loupes dhidi ya operating microscope, faida za vitendoSehemu hii inajadili uchaguzi na matumizi ya ergonomiki ya loupes na operating microscopes. Inashughulikia viwango vya magnification, chaguzi za mwanga, nafasi, na jinsi maono yaliyoboreshwa yanaboresha eneo la canal, utambuzi wa crack, na usahihi wa matibabu kwa ujumla.
Choosing magnification levels and opticsLoupes versus operating microscopeCoaxial illumination and light settingsErgonomic positioning and postureUsing magnification for canal locationMaintenance and infection controlSomo la 7Mbinu za obturation kwa canals za molar: warm vertical compaction, mifumo ya carrier-based, single cone na sealer—vigezo vya uchaguziSehemu hii inalinganisha mbinu za obturation kwa canals za molar, ikiwa na warm vertical compaction, mifumo ya carrier-based, na single cone na sealer ya bioceramic. Inashughulikia uchaguzi wa kesi, vifaa, na hatua za kufikia fills zenye mnato, za nadimi tatu.
Criteria for timing of obturationWarm vertical compaction workflowCarrier-based obturation indicationsSingle cone with bioceramic sealerRadiographic evaluation of obturationManaging voids and underfillsSomo la 8Coronal seal na restoration ya muda mfupi: vifaa na mbinu za kuzuia maambukizi tenaSehemu hii inaeleza kanuni za coronal sealing baada ya tiba ya endodontiki. Inaangalia vifaa vya muda mfupi, mbinu za restoration ya access, mikakati ya kuzuia microleakage, na jinsi seals za muda mfupi na za uhakika zinaathiri matokeo ya muda mrefu.
Importance of immediate coronal sealSelection of temporary materialsTechniques for sealing access cavitiesPreventing microleakage and washoutTransition to definitive restorationsManaging lost or failed temporariesSomo la 9Udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu: kutafuta na kujadiliana na canals za ziada, mbinu za kusafisha isthmusSehemu hii inashughulikia utambuzi na udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu ya root canal. Inashughulikia kutafuta canals za ziada, mikakati ya kusafisha isthmus, matumizi ya CBCT na magnification, na marekebisho ya shaping ili kudumisha patency na kuepuka uharibifu wa iatrogenic.
Identifying teeth prone to extra canalsUse of CBCT for anatomic assessmentTroughing with ultrasonics for MB2Isthmus cleaning and activation methodsGlide path in severely curved canalsBypassing ledges and blockages safelySomo la 10Upangaji wa restorative baada ya endodontiki: core build-up, cuspal coverage, muda wa restoration ya kudumuSehemu hii inalenga upangaji wa restorative ya uhakika baada ya tiba ya root canal. Inashughulikia vifaa vya core build-up, posts wakati zinaonyeshwa, maamuzi ya cuspal coverage, muda wa crowns, na jinsi muundo wa restorative unaathiri maisha ya jino ya muda mrefu.
Assessing remaining tooth structureCore build-up materials and techniquesIndications for post placementCuspal coverage versus direct restorationsTiming of permanent restorationsCommunication with restorative dentistSomo la 11Itifaki za shaping: kuunda glide path, mkono dhidi ya rotary dhidi ya reciprocating systems, mifuatano na mipangilio ya torque/kasiSehemu hii inaeleza kuunda glide path na kulinganisha mifumo ya mkono, rotary, na reciprocating. Inashughulikia mifuatano, mipangilio ya torque na kasi, na mikakati ya kupunguza makosa ya taratibu huku ikihifadhi dentin na anatomia ya canal.
Manual glide path creation stepsRotary glide path file selectionReciprocating systems indicationsRecommended torque and speed rangesSequencing for curved canalsAvoiding ledges, zips, and transportationSomo la 12Chaguzi za anesthesia kwa mandibular molars: inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltration, intraosseous, mbinu za ziadaSehemu hii inaangalia mikakati ya anesthesia kwa mandibular molars, ikiwa na inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltrations za buccal na lingual, sindano za intraosseous na intraligamentary, na mbinu za ziada kwa meno moto na kushindwa.
Inferior alveolar nerve block protocolBuccal and lingual infiltration techniquesIntraosseous injection indicationsIntraligamentary and intrapulpal useManaging hot teeth and failed blocksAnesthetic selection and bufferingSomo la 13Maandalizi ya access cavity: outlines, vyombo, kuzuia gouging na perforationSehemu hii inaelezea muundo wa access cavity kwa vikundi tofauti vya meno, ikiwa na fomu za outline na udhibiti wa kina. Inaangalia burs na vidokezo vya ultrasonic, mikakati ya kutafuta canals kwa usalama, na mbinu za kuzuia gouging, perforation, na canals zilizokosa.
Occlusal and lingual outline principlesBur selection and depth orientationUltrasonic refinement of access wallsLocating canal orifices safelyPreventing gouging and perforationManaging calcified or tilted teeth
