Somo 1Pharmacokinetics, formulations, dosing schedules, and routes of administrationSehemu hii inaelezea kunyonya, kusambaza, kimetaboliki na kuondoa kwa GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, na bidhaa za insulin/GLP-1 za fixed-ratio, ikiunganisha pharmacokinetics na ratiba za kipimo, titration, na uchaguzi wa njia.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtySomo 2Common therapeutic effects: glycemic control, weight change, blood pressure and cardiorenal effectsSehemu hii inachunguza athari zinazotarajiwa za dawa mpya kwenye HbA1c, glukosi ya kufunga na baada ya kula, uzito wa mwili, shinikizo la damu, na matokeo ya cardiorenal. Inaangazia tofauti za darasa, mifumo ya dose–response, na malengo ya kweli kwa maamuzi ya pamoja.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsSomo 3Contraindications, cautions and special populations: renal impairment thresholds, hepatic impairment, personal/family medullary thyroid carcinoma/MEN2, pregnancy and lactationSehemu hii inashughulikia contraindications na tahadhari kwa dawa mpya, ikiwa ni pamoja na viwango vya udhaifu wa figo na ini, ugonjwa wa seli za C za tezi, MEN2, ujauzito, kunyonyesha, udhaifu, na wagonjwa wazee, kwa mkazo wa tathmini ya hatari-faida.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsSomo 4Mechanisms of action: GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combosSehemu hii inaeleza mifumo ya utendaji wa GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual na triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, na michanganyiko ya fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1, ikiunganisha vitendo vya kimolekuli na faida za kliniki, hatari, na uchaguzi wa dawa wa kimantiki.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionSomo 5Reading and applying guideline statements: how to extract recommendations from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and national guidelines for therapy choice and sequencingSehemu hii inaeleza jinsi ya kusafiri ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, na miongozo ya kitaifa. Mkazo ni kwenye kuchukua mapendekezo yaliyopangwa, kurekebisha tofauti, na kutafsiri algoriti katika uchaguzi wa tiba na mfululizo wa kibinafsi.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesSomo 6Drug interactions with commonly used medications in diabetes, CV disease, and lipid-lowering therapySehemu hii inachanganua mwingiliano wa pharmacodynamic na pharmacokinetic kati ya dawa mpya za kupunguza glukosi na dawa za kawaida za shinikizo la damu, heart failure, dyslipidemia, na antiplatelet therapy, ikilenga usalama na ufanisi katika polypharmacy.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsSomo 7Interpreting clinical trial endpoints: HbA1c reduction, body weight, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composite outcomesSehemu hii inafundisha tafsiri ya miisho ya majaribio ya kliniki, ikiwa ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya HbA1c, kupunguza uzito, MACE, hospitali ya heart-failure, composites za figo, na matokeo ya usalama, ikisisitiza hatari halisi, NNT, na umuhimu wa wagonjwa.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesSomo 8Major adverse effects and safety signals: GI effects, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital infections, hypoglycemia risk with combosSehemu hii inachunguza athari kuu mbaya za dawa mpya, ikiwa ni pamoja na kutumia tumbo, wasiwasi wa pancreatitis, euglycemic DKA, maambukizi ya siri na mkojo, kupunguza kiasi, na hypoglycemia inapochanganywa na insulin au sulfonylureas.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens