Somo 1Dawa na mavazi kati ya miadi (calcium hydroxide): dalili na itifakiSehemu hii inaeleza dalili za dawa kati ya miadi, ikilenga kwenye calcium hydroxide. Inashughulikia mbinu za kuweka, wakati wa mawasiliano, vifaa vya mavazi, sealing ya muda, na itifaki za retreatment au exudation inayoendelea.
Indications for calcium hydroxide useMixing and placement techniquesDuration of intracanal medicationManagement of persistent exudationDressings in retreatment casesRemoval of calcium hydroxide before fillSomo 2Msingi wa umwagiliaji: viwango vya sodium hypochlorite na uanzishaji (ultrasonic, sonic), matumizi ya EDTA, usalama wa umwagiliajiSehemu hii inaangalia malengo ya umwagiliaji, viwango vya sodium hypochlorite, na matumizi ya EDTA. Inaeleza uchaguzi wa sindano, mbinu za uanzishaji kama ultrasonic na sonic, mfuatano wa umwagiliaji, na hatua za usalama ili kuzuia extrusion na ajali.
Biologic goals of root canal irrigationSodium hypochlorite concentration choicesEDTA timing and smear layer removalNeedle design and irrigation depthUltrasonic and sonic activation methodsPreventing irrigant extrusion accidentsSomo 3Kutenganisha kwa rubber dam: mbinu kwa meno ya nyuma, uchaguzi wa clamps, na utatuzi wa matatizo ya kutenganishaSehemu hii inaangalia vifaa vya rubber dam, uchaguzi wa clamp, na mbinu za kutenganisha kwa meno ya nyuma. Inashughulikia changamoto za kawaida kama meno yaliyowekwa vibaya, crowns zilizovunjika, na ufunguzi mdogo, pamoja na vidokezo kwa faraja na usalama wa mgonjwa.
Rubber dam components and setupClamp selection for molars and premolarsPunching and placing dam for quadrantsIsolation in broken or carious crownsManaging limited mouth openingPreventing leakage and soft tissue injurySomo 4Kubaini urefu wa kazi: matumizi ya apex locator, uthibitisho wa radiographic, kushughulikia morphology ya mizizi isiyo ya kawaidaSehemu hii inashughulikia dhana za urefu wa kazi, kanuni za apex locator, na matumizi ya kliniki ya hatua kwa hatua. Inajumuisha uthibitisho wa radiographic, utatuzi wa kusoma kutofautiana, na kukubali mbinu kwa resorption, apices zilizo wazi, na fomu ngumu za mizizi.
Apical constriction and reference pointsApex locator setup and calibrationClinical steps with apex locatorsRadiographic verification techniquesManaging open apices and resorptionTroubleshooting erratic readingsSomo 5Mikakati ya eneo la mifereji: maarifa ya anatomia ya mizizi ya mesial, maeneo ya groove, ultrasonics kwa troughingSehemu hii inalenga eneo la mifereji la kimfumo kwa kutumia maarifa ya anatomia ya mizizi na grooves. Inaangazia alama za mizizi ya mesial, matumizi ya ultrasonics kwa troughing, staining na magnification, na mikakati ya kuepuka perforation wakati wa kutafuta.
Anatomic landmarks in mandibular molarsMesial root and groove orientationTroughing with ultrasonics safelyUse of dyes and magnification aidsManaging calcified chamber floorsAvoiding strip and furcation perforationSomo 6Magnification na mwanga: uchaguzi na ergonomiki ya loupes dhidi ya microscope ya upasuaji, faida za vitendoSehemu hii inajadili uchaguzi na matumizi ya ergonomiki ya loupes na microscopes za upasuaji. Inashughulikia viwango vya magnification, chaguzi za mwanga, nafasi, na jinsi maono bora yanaboresha eneo la mifereji, utambuzi wa crack, na usahihi wa matibabu kwa ujumla.
Choosing magnification levels and opticsLoupes versus operating microscopeCoaxial illumination and light settingsErgonomic positioning and postureUsing magnification for canal locationMaintenance and infection controlSomo 7Mbinu za obturation kwa mifereji ya molars: warm vertical compaction, mifumo ya carrier-based, single cone na sealer—vigezo vya uchaguziSehemu hii inalinganisha mbinu za obturation kwa mifereji ya molars, pamoja na warm vertical compaction, mifumo ya carrier-based, na single cone na sealer ya bioceramic. Inashughulikia uchaguzi wa kesi, vifaa, na hatua za kufikia fills zenye mnato, za nadimi tatu.
Criteria for timing of obturationWarm vertical compaction workflowCarrier-based obturation indicationsSingle cone with bioceramic sealerRadiographic evaluation of obturationManaging voids and underfillsSomo 8Coronal seal na restoration ya muda: vifaa na mbinu za kuzuia maambukizi tenaSehemu hii inaeleza kanuni za coronal sealing baada ya tiba ya endodontiki. Inaangalia vifaa vya muda, mbinu za restoration ya upatikanaji, mikakati ya kuzuia microleakage, na jinsi seals za muda na za dhahiri zinaathiri matokeo ya muda mrefu.
Importance of immediate coronal sealSelection of temporary materialsTechniques for sealing access cavitiesPreventing microleakage and washoutTransition to definitive restorationsManaging lost or failed temporariesSomo 9Udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu: kupata na kujadiliana na mifereji ya ziada, mbinu za kusafisha isthmusSehemu hii inashughulikia utambuzi na udhibiti wa anatomia ngumu ya mifereji ya mizizi. Inashughulikia kupata mifereji ya ziada, mikakati ya kusafisha isthmus, matumizi ya CBCT na magnification, na marekebisho ya umbo ili kudumisha patency na kuepuka uharibifu wa iatrogenic.
Identifying teeth prone to extra canalsUse of CBCT for anatomic assessmentTroughing with ultrasonics for MB2Isthmus cleaning and activation methodsGlide path in severely curved canalsBypassing ledges and blockages safelySomo 10Kupanga restorative baada ya endodontiki: core build-up, cuspal coverage, wakati wa restoration ya kudumuSehemu hii inalenga kupanga restoration ya dhahiri baada ya tiba ya mifereji ya mizizi. Inashughulikia vifaa vya core build-up, posts wakati inaonyeshwa, maamuzi ya cuspal coverage, wakati wa crowns, na jinsi muundo wa restorative unaathiri maisha ya jino ya muda mrefu.
Assessing remaining tooth structureCore build-up materials and techniquesIndications for post placementCuspal coverage versus direct restorationsTiming of permanent restorationsCommunication with restorative dentistSomo 11Itifaki za umbo: kuunda glide path, mkono dhidi ya rotary dhidi ya reciprocating mifumo, mfuatano na mipangilio ya torque/kasiSehemu hii inaeleza kuunda glide path na kulinganisha mifumo ya mkono, rotary, na reciprocating. Inashughulikia mfuatano, mipangilio ya torque na kasi, na mikakati ya kupunguza makosa ya taratibu huku ikihifadhi dentin na anatomia ya mifereji.
Manual glide path creation stepsRotary glide path file selectionReciprocating systems indicationsRecommended torque and speed rangesSequencing for curved canalsAvoiding ledges, zips, and transportationSomo 12Chaguzi za anesthesia kwa molars za mandibular: inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltration, intraosseous, mbinu za ziadaSehemu hii inaangalia mikakati ya anesthesia kwa molars za mandibular, pamoja na inferior alveolar nerve block, infiltrations za buccal na lingual, sindano za intraosseous na intraligamentary, na mbinu za ziada kwa meno moto na kushindwa.
Inferior alveolar nerve block protocolBuccal and lingual infiltration techniquesIntraosseous injection indicationsIntraligamentary and intrapulpal useManaging hot teeth and failed blocksAnesthetic selection and bufferingSomo 13Maandalizi ya access cavity: muhtasari, vifaa, kuzuia gouging na perforationSehemu hii inaelezea muundo wa access cavity kwa vikundi tofauti vya meno, pamoja na fomu za muhtasari na udhibiti wa kina. Inaangalia burs na vidokezo vya ultrasonic, mikakati ya kupata mifereji kwa usalama, na mbinu za kuzuia gouging, perforation, na mifereji iliyokosa.
Occlusal and lingual outline principlesBur selection and depth orientationUltrasonic refinement of access wallsLocating canal orifices safelyPreventing gouging and perforationManaging calcified or tilted teeth
