سبق 1insula تے اندرونی احساس: bodily sensations, subjective feeling states, anxiety ਨਾਲ ربطایہہ حصہ insula دی اندرونی احساس (interoception) وچ کردار نوں جانچدا اے، bodily states نوں subjective feelings نال جوڑدا اے، autonomic signals نوں ضم کردا اے، تے کیویں altered insular processing anxiety, disgust, درد, تے bodily self-awareness دی خرابیاں نوں پیدا کردا اے، نوں سمجھاؤندا اے۔
Anterior and posterior insula organizationInteroceptive signals and body state mappingInsula in subjective emotional awarenessIntegration of pain, disgust, and visceral signalsInsula hyperactivation in anxiety disordersInteroception in alexithymia and depersonalizationسبق 2Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC, dlPFC, mPFC): top-down regulation, cognitive control, extinction, working memory contributionsایہہ حصہ prefrontal subregions نوں کور کردا اے جو emotion دی top-down regulation وچ شامل نیں، جنہاں وچ vmPFC, dlPFC, تے mPFC شامل نیں، cognitive control, reappraisal, extinction learning, working memory, تے stress تے psychiatric conditions وچ انہاں دیاں تبدیلیاں نوں زور دیندے ہوئے۔
Functional anatomy of vmPFC, dlPFC, and mPFCTop-down modulation of limbic structuresCognitive reappraisal and emotion regulationPrefrontal roles in extinction and safety learningWorking memory and regulation of affective biasPrefrontal dysfunction in mood and anxietyسبق 3Stress systems (HPA axis, cortisol, autonomic nervous system): acute تے chronic stress effects on brain functionایہہ حصہ HPA axis تے autonomic nervous system نوں acute تے chronic stress وچ outline کردا اے، cortisol dynamics, sympathetic–parasympathetic balance, تے کیویں prolonged stress limbic تے prefrontal circuits نوں reshape کردا اے جو emotional regulation وچ شامل نیں، نوں تفصیل نال بیان کردا اے۔
Components of the HPA axis and cortisol releaseSympathetic and parasympathetic stress responsesAcute stress effects on attention and memoryChronic stress, allostatic load, and the brainStress-induced changes in amygdala and PFCStress, emotion dysregulation, and psychopathologyسبق 4Connectivity تے Networks: salience network, default mode network, central executive network تے انہاں دے roles وچ emotion processingایہہ حصہ emotion وچ شامل large-scale brain networks نوں explore کردا اے، جنہاں salience, default mode, تے central executive networks شامل نیں، انہاں دے nodes, connectivity dynamics, تے network balance کیویں attention, self-referential thought, تے regulation نوں shape کردا اے، نوں highlight کردا اے۔
Core nodes of the salience networkDefault mode network and self-referential thoughtCentral executive network and cognitive controlNetwork switching and dynamic functional connectivityNetwork imbalance in mood and anxiety disordersMethods to study functional brain networksسبق 5Reward System (ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, VTA): positive valence, motivation, anhedonia وچ mood disordersایہہ حصہ mesolimbic reward system نوں جانچدا اے، جنہاں ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens, تے VTA شامل نیں، dopamine signaling, reward prediction error, motivation, reinforcement learning, تے mood تے addiction disorders وچ anhedonia تے focus کردا اے۔
Anatomy of VTA, ventral striatum, and accumbensDopamine firing and reward prediction errorIncentive salience, wanting, and likingReward learning and habit formationAnhedonia in depression and negative symptomsAddiction, sensitization, and reward circuitryسبق 6Hippocampus: contextual memory, episodic encoding, interaction ਨਾਲ amygdala وچ emotional memoriesایہہ حصہ hippocampus کیویں episodic تے contextual memories نوں encode کردا اے، ایہہ traces amygdala interactions نال emotional significance ਨਾਲ tagged کیویں ہُندے نیں، تے stress تے neuroplasticity کیویں emotional memory نوں lifespan تے shape کردے نیں، نوں سمجھاؤندا اے۔
Anatomy and subfields of the hippocampal formationPattern separation, completion, and episodic encodingContextual modulation of emotional responsesHippocampus–amygdala circuitry in fear memoryStress, glucocorticoids, and hippocampal plasticityHippocampal dysfunction in PTSD and depressionسبق 7Amygdala: role وچ threat detection, fear conditioning, salience processing, neurotransmitters involvedایہہ حصہ amygdala nuclei, انہاں دی rapid threat detection, fear conditioning, تے salience processing وچ role, تے neuromodulators جوی glutamate, GABA, serotonin, تے dopamine amygdala reactivity نوں health تے psychopathology وچ tune کردے نیں، نوں تفصیل نال بیان کردا اے۔
Basolateral and central amygdala nuclei functionsRapid threat detection and defensive responsesPavlovian fear conditioning and extinctionAmygdala in salience and relevance assignmentNeurotransmitters shaping amygdala excitabilityAmygdala hyperreactivity in anxiety disorders
