Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationExplains AP pelvis positioning points, centering choices, SID pick, beam direction, and right leg turn to show femoral necks while easing patient discomfort and avoiding pelvis twist in clinical practice.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesCovers patient greeting, checking movement limits, clothing and artefact removal, and using supports or holds to keep knee straight and comfy while cutting motion in AP knee X-rays.
Confirm mobility limits and pain levelRemove pants, braces, and metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee and ankleImmobilize with sandbags or strapsProvide blankets and explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresLooks at usual AP knee mistakes like rotation, cut-off, and underexposure, teaching how to spot them on images and step-by-step fixes to better positioning, collimation, and exposure choice.
Recognize internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure and image noiseCorrect flexion and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationDetails patient ID, pregnancy screen, clothing and jewellery removal, and hold strategies that cut motion and boost comfort before an AP pelvis exam in routine workflows.
Verify identity and explain procedureScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove pants, underwear, and jewelrySecure gown and maintain patient privacyUse sponges and straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)Defines three key AP pelvis quality criteria—pelvic evenness, femoral neck view, and no motion—and explains how to check each steadily on finished images for reliable results.
Check symmetry of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full visualization of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical and trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findings for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsOutlines usual kVp and mAs ranges for adult AP knee, how to adjust for body type, and expected X-ray look, including bone edge detail, inner bone pattern, and joint space clearness.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus and table buckyRecognize adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness and trabeculaeEvaluate joint space and soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)Explains AP knee image quality criteria, like joint space view, no rotation, and clear bone outlines, and shows how to use these checks regularly in daily work.
Evaluate medial and lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues and corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useGives step-by-step AP knee positioning, including leg line-up, centering to tibiofemoral joint, SID, optional beam angle, and choices on collimation and grid for various patient sizes.
Align femur and tibia with table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightly decide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingFocuses on confirming patient identity, right side and reason, allergy and implant history, and pre-exam safety checks for AP knee, including recent injury and weight-bearing status.
Use two identifiers and verify exam sideConfirm clinical history and indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma and pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksDescribes patient ID, pregnancy screen, past image review, and other safety pre-checks needed before an AP pelvis exam to ensure safe practice.
Use two identifiers and verify requestConfirm correct exam and clinical questionScreen for pregnancy and LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imaging and reportsCheck mobility limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleCovers collimation edges for AP pelvis, when to use grid, and usual adult exposure ranges, explaining how kVp and mAs picks affect contrast, dose, and pelvis anatomy view.
Define superior and inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues without excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp and adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionReviews common AP pelvis mistakes like pelvis turn, wrong leg turn, and cut-off, with ways to spot on images and practical positioning fixes to avoid extra shots.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognize inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument and learn from repeat images
