Lesson 1Urine studies and interpretation: urinalysis, urine sediment microscopy, urine electrolytes, fractional excretion of sodium and ureaThis part explains how to collect and read urine tests in AKI on CKD, covering urinalysis, looking at urine sediment under microscope, urine electrolytes, and fractional excretion rates to tell apart prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal causes and sharpen your diagnosis.
Standard urinalysis and dipstick findingsSediment microscopy and key castsUrine sodium and osmolality patternsFENa, FEUrea, and their limitationsIntegrating urine data with clinical contextLesson 2Acute complications requiring urgent action: hyperkalemia, severe acidosis, pulmonary edema, uremic manifestationsThis part deals with urgent complications of AKI on CKD like high potassium, bad acidosis, lung water buildup, and uremic signs, focusing on quick stabilisation and when to rush into dialysis.
Emergency management of hyperkalemiaTreatment of severe metabolic acidosisRecognition and therapy of pulmonary edemaIdentifying uremic symptoms and signsDialysis triggers in acute complicationsLesson 3Definitions and staging of AKI and CKD, KDIGO criteria and integrationThis part goes over definitions and stages of AKI and CKD using KDIGO guidelines, how acute and chronic changes fit together, and how staging helps predict outcomes, guide monitoring, and decide when to call in specialists.
KDIGO AKI diagnostic criteriaKDIGO AKI staging and prognosisCKD definition, staging, and GFR categoriesIntegrating AKI on CKD classificationsImplications for follow-up and counselingLesson 4Pathophysiology of acute on chronic kidney injury: hemodynamic, intrinsic, and postrenal causesThis part looks into what causes acute on chronic kidney injury, separating blood flow issues, intrinsic kidney damage, and blockages after the kidney, linking them to patient patterns, tests, and targeted treatments.
Hemodynamic causes and renal perfusionIntrinsic tubular and glomerular injuryPostrenal obstruction mechanismsNeurohormonal activation in CKD and AKIPathophysiology–guided treatment choicesLesson 5Identification and management of reversible precipitants: sepsis, nephrotoxins, volume depletion or overload, obstructionThis part covers spotting and treating fixable triggers of AKI in CKD like infections, kidney poisons, low or too much fluid, and blockages, with focus on quick fixes to stop more kidney harm.
Recognizing sepsis and hemodynamic instabilityIdentifying and stopping nephrotoxic medicationsAssessing hypovolemia and fluid responsivenessManaging volume overload and decongestionDetecting and relieving urinary tract obstructionLesson 6Imaging indications and interpretation: renal ultrasound for obstruction, bladder scan, point-of-care ultrasound for volume statusThis part teaches when and how to use scans in AKI on CKD, like kidney ultrasound for blockages, bladder checks for retention, and quick bedside ultrasound for fluid levels, heart work, and lung fluid.
Indications for renal ultrasoundRecognizing hydronephrosis and obstructionBladder scan for retention and retention riskPOCUS for IVC and volume assessmentLung and cardiac POCUS in AKI on CKDLesson 7Key laboratory interpretation: creatinine kinetics, BUN/creatinine ratio, electrolytes, acid-base analysis, lactateThis part centres on reading key lab results in AKI on CKD, like creatinine trends, BUN/creatinine ratio, salts, acid-base balance, and lactate, to separate new from old changes and guide urgent care.
Creatinine trends and baseline estimationUsing BUN/creatinine ratio in contextElectrolyte patterns in AKI on CKDAcid–base analysis and anion gap useLactate, perfusion, and tissue hypoxiaLesson 8Decision-making for renal replacement therapy in AKI: indications, timing, modality selection (intermittent hemodialysis vs CRRT vs SLED)This part discusses choices for kidney replacement in AKI on CKD, covering when to start, timing issues, and picking between regular dialysis, continuous methods, or slower ones based on patient stability, available gear, and care aims.
Absolute and relative indications for RRTEarly versus delayed initiation strategiesChoosing intermittent HD versus CRRTWhen to use SLED and hybrid approachesAnticoagulation and access considerationsLesson 9Interdisciplinary communication with ICU, ED, primary teams and nursing for urgent AKI careThis part stresses good teamwork talk among ICU, emergency, main teams, and nurses in urgent AKI care, building shared understanding, clear task sharing, escalation points, and standard handovers for better safety and results.
Essential data to share during handoffClarifying roles and responsibilitiesEscalation criteria and rapid responseCommunicating dialysis urgency and plansDocumentation and closed-loop communicationLesson 10Initial rapid bedside assessment: history, focused exam, volume status, hemodynamicsThis part lays out a step-by-step bedside check for AKI on CKD, combining quick history, targeted exam, fluid status check, and blood flow assessment to spot life threats and likely AKI causes fast.
Key history elements in AKI on CKDFocused exam for perfusion and congestionBedside tools for volume status assessmentBlood pressure, MAP, and perfusion targetsRisk stratification for deterioration and ICU
