Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingLooks at earthing system design with grids, rods, and bonding. Includes soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential methods, touch and step potentials, plus overseeing regular testing and fixes for safe operations.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingExamines dry-type transformer build, insulation, and cooling. Deals with losses, heat rise, derating for height and harmonics, and checks for dust, hot spots, and loose links.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionOutlines DC setups for substations like battery banks, chargers, and distribution. Covers battery kinds, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, backups, and managing records and plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsCovers cooling and air needs for transformer and control rooms, heat loads, air flow, filters. Includes backups, monitoring, alarms, and overseeing cleaning, filter swaps, and checks.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduces relay types for transformer substations like overcurrent, differential, Buchholz. Covers logic plans, settings checks, trip matching, and supervising tests, records, changes.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsDeals with reading single-line diagrams, bus setups, substation plans. Focuses on power flow grasp, isolation spots, equipment positions for safe switching and maintenance prep.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReviews medium and low-voltage breakers like vacuum, SF6, air. Explains mechanisms, trip coils, aux contacts, and supervising inspections, timing, lube, interlocks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetails power transformer ratings, impedance, vector groups, focusing on ONAN/ONAF cooling. Covers OLTC parts, tap selector, diverter, logic, and checks on oil, taps.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCovers CT/VT roles, accuracy, burdens, polarity, wiring, isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio/phase tests, supervising tests and docs.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersDescribes oil management for power transformers: storage, filtering, filling. Tackles contamination, safety, spills, supervising contractors, reports, procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduces HMI/SCADA for monitoring, control, alarms. Covers setups, links, screens, alarm handling, logs, access/config supervision.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Sums up key IEC, IEEE, local standards for design, gear, maintenance. Stresses supervisor roles in compliance, docs, audits, code updates.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
