Lesson 1Landform dangers: flooding in flat areas, unstable slopes, gully washing, and types of mass movementThis part looks at landform dangers like floods, land slides, gully washing, and mass movements. Students connect causes, land features, and human activities to mapping dangers, assessing risks, and planning ways to reduce them in local areas.
Floodplain zoning and inundation mappingSlope instability factors and indicatorsGully initiation and headcut migrationTypes of landslides and mass movementsRainfall thresholds and triggering eventsHazard mapping and mitigation planningLesson 2Land relief and slope study: hill shadows, slope steepness, direction, and effects on washing and land slidesThis part covers digital land height models, hill shadows, slope, and direction analysis to understand relief. Learners connect land measures to washing, land slide risks, water flow patterns, and planning for roads and buildings in different land settings.
Sources and quality of elevation dataHillshade visualization and landform readingSlope gradient classes and mappingAspect patterns and microclimate effectsTopographic controls on erosion ratesSlope thresholds for landslide hazardsLesson 3River basin shapes and water flow patterns: branching, grid-like, wheel-like, and old river systemsThis part studies river basin shapes, levels, and patterns like branching, grid-like, and wheel-like systems. Students link water flow shapes to rock types, land structure, relief, and long-term changes in landscapes.
Watershed boundaries and stream orderDendritic, trellis, radial, and parallel patternsStructural and lithologic controls on drainageLongitudinal profiles and knickpointsBasin shape, relief, and hydrologic responseDrainage evolution and river captureLesson 4Geological mapping and rock layers: rock types, layering, structural effects on land shapesThis part introduces mapping of rock layers, focusing on rock types, layering, and structural features. Learners understand how bends, breaks, and rock strength affect land shapes, water flow, and spread of resources or dangers.
Reading geological maps and legendsLithologic units and rock strength contrastsStratigraphic sequences and key contactsFaults, folds, and fracture networksStructural control on ridges and valleysLinking bedrock to resources and hazardsLesson 5River processes: channel changes, sediment movement, deposit, river bending and sudden shiftsThis part covers river processes that shape channels, including water flow types, sediment movement, and sandbar formation. Learners study bending, weaving, sudden shifts, and flat area building, linking processes to channel patterns and management.
Flow regimes and channel hydraulicsBedload, suspended load, and wash loadChannel patterns: straight, meandering, braidedPoint bars, levees, and overbank depositsMeander migration and cutoff formationAvulsion, anabranching, and channel managementLesson 6Weather effects on water flow: rain patterns, seasonal changes, water loss, and dry period measuresThis part explains how air movements, water sources, and ground conditions control rain, runoff, water loss, and dry periods. Learners connect weather measures to water flow patterns and water supply in various regions.
Global circulation and moisture transportPrecipitation seasonality and intensity patternsPotential and actual evapotranspirationSoil moisture balance and runoff responseDrought indices and hydrologic droughtClimate variability and change impactsLesson 7Useful data sets and sources: national geology surveys, world land height models (SRTM, ASTER), geology map stores, and weather data (CRU, CHIRPS)This part shows key free data sets for physical geography and geology, including land height models, geology maps, and weather products. Learners check detail level, accuracy, and information tags, and try combining sources for regional land studies.
Global and regional DEM productsNational geological survey map portalsOnline geological map repositoriesGridded climate datasets and indicesData resolution, accuracy, and metadataIntegrating multi-source datasets in GISLesson 8Basics of satellite imaging for land features: using space photos to spot landforms, river channels, and plant coverThis part introduces satellite tools, detail levels, and colour bands used to map land features. Students learn to read images for landforms, water flow, plants, and ground wetness, and spot common image problems and limits.
Optical vs radar sensors and resolutionsSpectral signatures of water, soil, and rockIdentifying major landforms from imageryMapping river channels and floodplainsVegetation indices and canopy conditionCommon image corrections and artifactsLesson 9Surface deposits and soils: river sediments, slope debris, broken bedrock, soil types and richnessThis part studies surface deposits and soils, including river sediments, slope debris, and broken bedrock. Students link source materials, feel, and build to soil types, richness, water flow, and land use fit across areas.
Alluvial, colluvial, and residual materialsWeathering profiles and regolith formationSoil horizons, texture, and structureMajor soil classification systemsSoil fertility, nutrients, and limitationsSoil erosion risk and conservation needs
