Lesson 1Picking Indicators: Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange, Bromothymol Blue — Change Ranges and Matching to Titration CurvesThis part looks at common acid-base indicators, colour change ranges, how they link to titration curves. Students practice matching indicators to strong-strong, strong-weak, weak-weak titration systems.
Indicator colour change waysChange ranges of key indicatorsPhenolphthalein in basic titrationsMethyl orange, bromothymol blue usesMatching indicator range to curveLesson 2Meanings: Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis Acids/Bases with ExamplesThis part compares Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis acid-base ideas, highlighting range, limits, usual examples. Focus on spotting which model best fits water-based and non-water systems.
Arrhenius acids, bases in water solutionBrønsted-Lowry proton givers, takersPaired acid-base, dual-proton speciesLewis acids, bases, coordination complexesPicking right acid-base modelLesson 3Calculations for Titration Data: Moles, Concentration, Dilution Changes, Percent ErrorThis part focuses on exact handling of titration data, including mole, concentration calculations, dilution fixes, spreading measurement uncertainty to get percent error, check accuracy.
Changing volumes to titrant molesFinding analyte concentration from titreAccounting for dilution, sample prepEstimating random, planned uncertaintiesCalculating percent error, data qualityLesson 4Stoichiometry of Neutralisation Reactions; Finding Stoichiometric Links for Titration CalculationsThis part builds stoichiometric links for neutralisation reactions, including mole ratios, limiting reactant ideas, balanced equations. These tools apply straight to titration calculations, sample size planning.
Writing balanced acid-base equationsMole ratios, equivalence in neutralisationLimiting reagent ideas in titrationsLinking titrant volume to analyte molesPlanning sample mass from expected titreLesson 5Building, Reading Titration Curves and Derivative Plots; Telling Equivalence vs EndpointThis part teaches building titration curves from data, reading buffer areas, steep jumps, telling equivalence from endpoint. It introduces first-derivative plots to sharpen equivalence point spot.
Gathering pH-volume data orderlyPlotting curves by hand or softwareSpotting buffer areas, half-equivalenceLocating equivalence point on curvesUsing derivative plots to sharpen endpointsLesson 6Strong vs Weak Acids, Bases: Dissociation Constants, Examples (HCl vs Acetic Acid), Effects on pH, Titration CurvesThis part contrasts strong, weak acids, bases using dissociation constants, examples, molecule structure. It links Ka, Kb, pKa to pH behaviour, buffer ability, typical titration curve shapes.
Defining strong vs weak electrolytesKa, Kb, pKa links, tablesExamples: HCl, NaOH, acetic acid, ammoniaStructure, polarity, acid-base strengthEffect on pH, buffers, curve steepnessLesson 7Planning a Titration to Find Concentration: Picking Titrant, Analyte, Expected Equivalence PointThis part explains planning titrations by pairing titrant, analyte, predicting equivalence point, considering acid-base strength, reaction stoichiometry, practical limits like solubility, safety.
Criteria for picking suitable titrantChoosing analyte form, sample prepPredicting equivalence pH, volumeMatching titration type to analysis goalSafety, concentration limits in planLesson 8pH, pOH, Calculations for Strong, Weak Electrolytes; Logarithms, Significant Figures UseThis part reviews pH, pOH meanings, link to hydrogen, hydroxide ion concentrations, calculations for strong, weak electrolytes. Stresses logarithms, approximations, right significant figures.
pH, pOH meanings, water ion productpH calculations for strong acids, basesWeak acid, base balance, approximationsUsing logs, antilogs in pH workSignificant figures, reporting pH valuesLesson 9Burette, Pipette Technique: Calibration, Rinsing, Proper Filling, Avoiding Parallax, Endpoint SpottingThis part details right use of burettes, pipettes, including cleaning, calibration checks, rinsing, filling, reading volumes. It covers endpoint spotting, cutting parallax, drainage errors.
Inspecting, cleaning, conditioning glasswareCalibration checks, correction factorsProper filling, removing air bubblesReading meniscus, avoiding parallaxConsistent delivery, endpoint judgingLesson 10Hands-On Titration Procedure Checklist: Setup, Blank Titration, Repeat Titrations, Result AveragingThis part gives step-by-step titration checklist, from glassware setup, standardising to blank, repeat titrations. Stresses steadiness, records, ways to cut random, planned errors.
Preparing, labelling reagents, glasswareDoing, reading blank titrationsPlanning, doing repeat titrationsRecording data, watching colour changesAveraging results, rejecting odd ones
