Lesson 1Feed additives and supplements: buffers, yeast, ionophores, anthelmintics and mineral premixesWe look at key feed additives and supplements for ruminants, like buffers, yeast, ionophores, wormers, and mineral mixes, explaining how they work, their benefits, limits, and rules for use on farms.
Mode of action of buffersYeast cultures and rumen microbesIonophores and feed efficiencyAnthelmintics in feeding programsFormulating mineral premix packagesLesson 2Macro- and micro-mineral requirements and common deficiencies (Ca, P, Mg, Se, Cu, S, Co, I)This part discusses roles, needs, and interactions of major and trace minerals in ruminants, focusing on calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, copper, sulphur, cobalt, and iodine. We cover signs of shortages and ways to prevent them in dairy, beef, and small stock.
Functions of Ca, P and MgTrace minerals Se, Cu, Co, IClinical signs of key deficienciesAntagonisms among minerals in dietsDesigning mineral supplementationLesson 3Fiber, NDF, ADF and their effects on intake and rumen functionWe explain fibre parts like NDF and ADF, and how they affect chewing, rumen fill, passage speed, and milk fat. Focus is on balancing fibre for good intake, rumen health, and performance on farm.
Definitions of fiber, NDF and ADFPhysically effective NDF and chewingFiber effects on rumen pH and VFAFiber, intake regulation and gut fillManaging low- and high-fiber dietsLesson 4Practical feeding management: grouping strategies, feed delivery, bunk management, water quality and intake driversWe cover hands-on feeding management, including grouping animals, feed delivery times, bunk management, and water quality. Key drivers of intake and how daily practices affect health and output are highlighted.
Grouping by production and stageFeed delivery timing and frequencyBunk scoring and refusals controlWater quality and access checksEnvironmental factors affecting intakeLesson 5Formulating rations: balancing energy, protein and fiber using Pearson square and least-cost principlesWe show practical ways to make rations, balancing energy, protein, and fibre with Pearson square and simple least-cost methods, considering nutrient limits and farm-available feeds.
Setting nutrient specificationsUsing Pearson square for energyBalancing protein and fiber levelsBasics of least-cost formulationChecking rations for practicalityLesson 6Feedstuff composition tables and how to source reliable feed analysis dataThis part teaches reading feed composition tables, comparing sources, and getting accurate lab tests, to pick reliable figures for ration making and farm choices.
Key nutrients listed in feed tablesOfficial and commercial data sourcesSampling and sending feeds to labsInterpreting lab reports and unitsUpdating on-farm feed librariesLesson 7Estimating maintenance, lactation and growth requirements for Holstein dairy cows, beef steers, and growing lambsWe explain estimating maintenance, lactation, and growth needs for Holstein cows, beef steers, and lambs, using weight, production, and local conditions to figure nutrient requirements.
Maintenance energy and protein needsLactation requirements in HolsteinsGrowth needs of beef steersRequirements of growing lambsAdjusting for climate and activityLesson 8Energy systems and units: ME, NE, TDN and converting feed energy valuesThis clarifies energy systems in ruminant nutrition like ME, NE, and TDN. Learn how they are calculated, when to use each, and converting values between systems.
Gross, digestible and metabolizable energyNet energy for maintenance and gainTotal digestible nutrients conceptConverting between energy systemsUsing energy values in ration softwareLesson 9Forage quality assessment: sampling, laboratory tests, and in-field evaluation (DM, CP, NDF, energy)We detail checking forage quality from sampling to lab tests and field checks. Focus on dry matter, crude protein, NDF, and energy, guiding ration making and harvest.
Sampling hay, silage and pastureOn-farm dry matter determinationLab analysis for CP, NDF and energyScoring visual and sensory qualityUsing results to adjust rationsLesson 10Protein requirements and degradable vs undegradable protein in ruminantsWe cover protein needs in ruminants and difference between rumen degradable and undegradable protein. Includes microbial protein making, balancing RDP and RUP, and effects of wrong feeding.
Rumen degradable versus undegradable proteinMicrobial protein synthesis in rumenBalancing RDP and RUP in dietsProtein needs by class of animalImpacts of protein excess or deficit
