Lesson 1AP pelvis: patient positioning, centering (midline at iliac crest or midway between ASIS and symphysis), SID, beam direction, and leg rotationExplains AP pelvis positioning points, centering choices, SID picks, beam aim, and leg turns to show femoral necks while easing discomfort and avoiding pelvic twists in local practice.
Align midsagittal plane to table midlineCenter midway ASIS–symphysis or iliac crestSelect standard 40-inch SID for pelvisDirect beam perpendicular to image receptorInternally rotate legs 15–20 degreesLesson 2AP knee: preparation, clothing removal, and comfort/immobilisation strategiesCovers greeting patients, checking movement limits, removing clothes and items, and using supports or holds to keep knee straight and comfy, cutting motion in AP knee shots in Zambia.
Confirm mobility limits and pain levelRemove pants, braces, and metallic itemsUse sponges to support knee and ankleImmobilise with sandbags or strapsProvide blankets and explain sensationsLesson 3AP knee common errors (e.g., cut-off, rotation, underexposure) and corrective measuresAnalyses usual AP knee faults like rotation, cutoff, and underexposure, teaching image spotting and step-by-step fixes for positioning, collimation, and exposure in Zambian clinics.
Recognise internal or external rotationIdentify cutoff of patella or condylesDetect underexposure and image noiseCorrect flexion and realign joint spaceAdjust collimation and repeat if neededLesson 4AP pelvis: patient prep, clothing/jewellery removal, and immobilisationDetails patient ID, pregnancy screens, clothes and jewellery removal, and holding methods to reduce movement and boost comfort before AP pelvis exams in Zambian facilities.
Verify identity and explain procedureScreen for pregnancy and recent imagingRemove pants, underwear, and jewellerySecure gown and maintain patient privacyUse sponges and straps to limit motionLesson 5AP pelvis: three objective image quality criteria (pelvic symmetry, femoral neck visibility, absence of motion)Defines three main AP pelvis quality marks—pelvic evenness, femoral neck views, and no movement—and how to check each on finished images systematically in practice.
Check symmetry of iliac wings and obturatorsConfirm full visualisation of femoral necksAssess sharp cortical and trabecular detailLook for motion blur in pelvic structuresDocument findings for quality assuranceLesson 6AP knee: suggested exposure ranges (kVp and mAs) for adult extremity imaging and expected image characteristicsOutlines usual kVp and mAs for adult AP knee shots, adapting for build, and expected looks like cortical lines, bone patterns, and joint gaps in Zambian imaging.
Select baseline kVp for adult kneesAdjust mAs for habitus and table buckyRecognise adequate penetration of condylesAssess cortical sharpness and trabeculaeEvaluate joint space and soft tissue detailLesson 7AP knee image quality criteria (joint space visualisation, absence of rotation, cortical outlines)Explains AP knee quality standards like joint space views, no rotation, and clear bone edges, showing consistent checks in daily Zambian radiographic work.
Evaluate medial and lateral joint spacesConfirm patella centered over femurAssess cortical margins for sharpnessCheck for motion blur or double outlinesRecord quality issues and corrective stepsLesson 8AP knee: detailed positioning, centering (tibiofemoral joint), SID, beam angulation if required, and collimation/grid useGives step-by-step AP knee setup, leg alignment, centering to knee joint, SID, optional beam tilt, and collimation/grid choices for varied patient sizes in Zambia.
Align femur and tibia with table midlineCenter to tibiofemoral joint spaceUse standard 40-inch SID for kneesApply 3–5° caudal tilt when indicatedCollimate tightlydecide on grid useLesson 9AP knee: patient ID and pre-exam checks relevant to knee imagingFocuses on patient ID, right side and reason, allergy and implant past, and safety checks for AP knee, including fresh injuries and weight status in local clinics.
Use two identifiers and verify exam sideConfirm clinical history and indicationsCheck for prostheses, hardware, or bracesReview recent trauma and pain severityConfirm pregnancy status when applicableLesson 10AP pelvis: patient ID, pregnancy check, and relevant pre-checksDescribes patient ID, pregnancy screens, past image reviews, and safety pre-checks needed before AP pelvis exams in Zambian healthcare environments.
Use two identifiers and verify requestConfirm correct exam and clinical questionScreen for pregnancy and LMP detailsReview prior pelvic imaging and reportsCheck mobility limits and pain levelLesson 11AP pelvis: collimation, grid usage, and typical exposure factor ranges (kVp and mAs) with rationaleCovers AP pelvis collimation edges, grid indications, and usual adult exposure ranges, explaining kVp and mAs effects on contrast, dose, and pelvic views in practice.
Define superior and inferior collimation limitsInclude lateral soft tissues without excess fieldSelect grid for adult pelvis thicknessChoose baseline kVp and adjust for habitusBalance mAs for noise and patient doseLesson 12AP pelvis common errors (e.g., rotation, incorrect leg rotation) and prevention/correctionReviews common AP pelvis faults like pelvic turns, wrong leg angles, and cutoffs, with image detection and positioning fixes to stop repeat doses in Zambia.
Identify pelvic rotation on imageRecognise inadequate leg internal rotationDetect cutoff of iliac wings or symphysisCorrect flexed knees or pelvic tiltDocument and learn from repeat images
