Lesson 1How the body handles medicines, types, dosing times, and ways to give themThis part explains absorption, distribution, metabolism, and clearance of GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products, connecting how the body handles them to dosing times, step-up, and choice of giving method.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyLesson 2Common treatment effects: sugar control, weight change, blood pressure and heart-kidney effectsThis part reviews expected effects of new medicines on HbA1c, fasting and after-eating sugar, body weight, blood pressure, and heart-kidney results. It points out class differences, dose-response ways, and real goals for joint decisions.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsLesson 3No-go cases, warnings and special groups: kidney problem levels, liver issues, family thyroid cancer/MEN2, pregnancy and breastfeedingThis part covers no-go situations and warnings for new medicines, including kidney and liver problem levels, thyroid C-cell illness, MEN2, pregnancy, breastfeeding, weakness, and older patients, stressing risk-benefit weighing.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsLesson 4How they work: GLP-1 agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 mixesThis part explains how GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual and triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 mixes work, linking cell actions to clinic benefits, risks, and smart medicine choice.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionLesson 5Reading and using guideline advice: how to get tips from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and local guides for treatment choice and orderThis part shows how to read ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and local guidelines. Focus is on pulling out rated advice, sorting differences, and turning plans into personal treatment choices and order.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesLesson 6Medicine clashes with common drugs for sugar sickness, heart vessel disease, and fat-lowering treatmentThis part checks medicine clashes between new sugar-lowering drugs and common ones for high blood pressure, heart failure, high fats, and blood clot prevention, focusing on safety and effect in many medicines together.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsLesson 7Reading study end points: HbA1c drop, body weight, big heart events, heart-failure hospital, kidney mixed resultsThis part teaches reading study end points, like HbA1c drop, weight loss, big heart events, heart failure hospital stays, kidney mixed results, and safety, stressing real risk, number needed to treat, and patient-focused meaning.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesLesson 8Main bad effects and safety signs: stomach effects, pancreas worries, sugar-normal DKA, private infections, low sugar risk with mixesThis part reviews main bad effects and safety signs of new medicines, including stomach upset, pancreas worries, sugar-normal DKA, private part infections, and low sugar risk with mixes.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
