Lesson 1Level measurement methods for tanks: float switches, conductivity, ultrasonic/pressure transmitters — signal types and installation notesThis part reviews ways to measure tank levels, like float switches, conductivity probes, ultrasonic, and pressure senders, and talks about signal kinds, fitting, and common setup mistakes to dodge.
Point level float switches and wiringConductivity probes for clean liquidsUltrasonic level transmitters and dead zonesHydrostatic pressure level transmittersVent, stilling well and mounting issuesLesson 2I/O signal mapping: digital inputs/outputs vs analog channels, typical wiring and earth/EMC considerations for industrial sensorsThis part explains mapping I/O signals for field devices, telling digital and analog apart, and details usual wiring, labels, shields, earths, and EMC ways for steady factory sensor work.
Digital input and output channel mappingAnalog current and voltage channel mappingTerminal numbering and cable labelingShielding, grounding and earth schemesEMC noise mitigation and testingLesson 3Valve types and actuators: solenoid valves, motorized ball/needle valves, I/P and pneumatic actuators — digital vs analog controlThis part compares valve kinds and movers, like solenoid valves, motorised ball and needle valves, and I/P or air movers, and explains when to use digital or analog control for place and flow checks.
On/off solenoid valve selection basicsMotorized ball and needle valve controlI/P converters and pneumatic actuatorsDigital versus analog position controlFail-safe positions and air failure modesLesson 4Pumps and motor drives: centrifugal vs positive displacement pumps, VFD basics and analog/digital I/O for start/stop and speed controlThis part explains pump kinds and motor drives, comparing centrifugal and positive shift pumps, and brings in VFD basics, like start/stop control, speed settings, and main analog and digital I/O signals.
Centrifugal pump behavior and curvesPositive displacement pump characteristicsVFD power wiring and parameter basicsDigital I/O for start, stop and faultsAnalog speed reference and scalingLesson 5Flow and dosing devices: mass flow meters, volumetric flow meters, and dosing pump or valve choicesThis part covers flow and dosing tools, comparing mass and volume flow meters, and explains picking, controlling, and linking dosing pumps or valves with PLC plans for exact, repeatable filling.
Coriolis and thermal mass flow metersMagnetic and turbine volumetric metersDosing pump versus dosing valve choicePulse, analog and digital flow signalsBatch control logic and fine dosingLesson 6Reject mechanisms and actuators: pneumatic cylinders, solenoid valves, integration with conveyor controlsThis part looks at reject tools on belts, like air cylinders and solenoid valves, and shows syncing moves with sensors and counters, handling time slots, and checking good rejects.
Pneumatic cylinder sizing and strokeSolenoid valve selection for reject unitsTiming with sensors and encoder trackingAir preparation and exhaust noise controlReject confirmation and jam detectionLesson 7Level and presence detection for bottles and conveyors: photoelectric sensors, proximity sensors, capacitive sensors — wiring and signal typesThis part covers checking levels and presence for bottles and belts with light, nearness, and capacity sensors, explaining fitting, background block, wiring, and usual signal kinds in packing lines.
Photoelectric sensor modes and setupInductive proximity for metal detectionCapacitive sensors for nonmetal bottlesMounting, alignment and false trip reductionPNP/NPN outputs and cable routingLesson 8Temperature sensing in process tanks: RTDs, thermocouples and 4-20 mA transmitters — accuracy, response and mountingThis part explains RTDs, thermocouples, and 4–20 mA temp senders, comparing true measure, quick reply, and straightness, and details right fitting, shields, and setting for tank temp control.
RTD principles, wiring and accuracy classesThermocouple types, ranges and cold junction4–20 mA temperature transmitters setupResponse time, immersion length and lagMounting, shielding and calibration checksLesson 9Safety devices: emergency stop circuits, safety door interlocks, safety light curtains, safety relays/PLCs, and safe torque off (STO)This part covers main machine safety tools, how emergency stop and guard lock circuits are made, how safety light curtains and relays/PLCs work, and how Safe Torque Off (STO) cuts risks on drives.
Emergency stop categories and reset logicSafety door interlocks and guard lockingSafety light curtains and muting zonesSafety relays, safety PLCs and wiringSafe Torque Off integration on drivesLesson 10Filling head sensors and feedback devices: nozzle position sensors, valve feedback, and overfill detectionThis part details sensors on filling heads, like nozzle place check, valve open/shut feedback, and overfill spotting, and shows how these signals work for locks, order, and fault finds.
Nozzle up/down and in-position sensingValve open/closed limit feedback optionsOverfill detection strategies and devicesSignal debouncing and plausibility checksDiagnostics, alarms and maintenance tests
