Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingLooks at how to design grounding systems with grids, rods, and bonding. Includes soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential methods, touch and step potentials, and overseeing regular checks and fixes.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingCovers how dry-type transformers are built, their insulation, cooling paths. Deals with energy losses, heat rise, adjustments for height and harmonics, and checking for dust, hot spots, loose wires.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionExplains DC power setups for substations, with battery banks, chargers, distribution. Includes battery kinds, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, backups, and managing records and plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsShows cooling and air needs for transformer and control rooms, heat loads, air flow, filters. Covers backups, monitoring, alarms, cleaning, filter swaps, and performance oversight.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduces relay types for transformer substations like overcurrent, differential, Buchholz. Includes logic diagrams, settings checks, trip coordination, testing oversight, records, changes.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsTeaches reading single-line diagrams, bus setups, substation plans. Focuses on power flow, isolation spots, equipment locations for safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReviews breakers for medium and low voltage like vacuum, SF6, air. Explains mechanisms, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, inspections, timing tests, lubrication, interlocks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetails power transformer specs, impedance, vector groups, ONAN/ONAF cooling. Covers OLTC parts, tap selector, diverter, controls, inspections, oil checks, tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCovers CT/VT roles, accuracy classes, burden limits, polarity, wiring, isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio/phase verification, testing oversight, documentation.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersDescribes oil management for power transformers: storage, filtration, filling. Covers contamination risks, safety, spill control, contractor oversight, test reports, procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduces HMI/SCADA for substation monitoring, control, alarms. Covers setups, links, screens, alarm handling, logs, access oversight, configuration changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Summarises key IEC, IEEE, local standards for substation design, equipment, maintenance. Stresses supervisor roles in compliance, documentation, audits, code updates.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
