Lesson 1Urine studies and interpretation: urinalysis, urine sediment microscopy, urine electrolytes, fractional excretion of sodium and ureaHere we learn how to collect and understand urine tests for sudden kidney injury on long-term sickness, like urine check, looking at bits in urine under microscope, urine salts, and special measures to tell if it's from low blood flow, kidney itself, or blockage.
Standard urinalysis and dipstick findingsSediment microscopy and key castsUrine sodium and osmolality patternsFENa, FEUrea, and their limitationsIntegrating urine data with clinical contextLesson 2Acute complications requiring urgent action: hyperkalemia, severe acidosis, pulmonary edema, uremic manifestationsWe cover sudden dangers in sudden kidney injury on long-term sickness that need quick fixing, like too much potassium, bad acid in blood, lung water buildup, and body poison signs, stressing steadying the patient and when to rush to dialysis.
Emergency management of hyperkalemiaTreatment of severe metabolic acidosisRecognition and therapy of pulmonary edemaIdentifying uremic symptoms and signsDialysis triggers in acute complicationsLesson 3Definitions and staging of AKI and CKD, KDIGO criteria and integrationWe go over what sudden and long-term kidney injury mean, how to stage them using KDIGO rules, mixing sudden and ongoing changes, and how this helps guess outcomes, watch closely, and know when to call specialists.
KDIGO AKI diagnostic criteriaKDIGO AKI staging and prognosisCKD definition, staging, and GFR categoriesIntegrating AKI on CKD classificationsImplications for follow-up and counselingLesson 4Pathophysiology of acute on chronic kidney injury: hemodynamic, intrinsic, and postrenal causesWe look at how sudden on long-term kidney injury happens, splitting blood flow issues, kidney inside problems, and after-kidney blocks, linking to patient signs, tests, and treatments that target the cause.
Hemodynamic causes and renal perfusionIntrinsic tubular and glomerular injuryPostrenal obstruction mechanismsNeurohormonal activation in CKD and AKIPathophysiology–guided treatment choicesLesson 5Identification and management of reversible precipitants: sepsis, nephrotoxins, volume depletion or overload, obstructionWe learn to spot and treat fixable triggers of sudden kidney injury in long-term sickness, like body-wide infection, kidney poisons, low or too much body water, and urine block, pushing fast fixes to stop more harm.
Recognizing sepsis and hemodynamic instabilityIdentifying and stopping nephrotoxic medicationsAssessing hypovolemia and fluid responsivenessManaging volume overload and decongestionDetecting and relieving urinary tract obstructionLesson 6Imaging indications and interpretation: renal ultrasound for obstruction, bladder scan, point-of-care ultrasound for volume statusWe explain when and how to use scans for sudden kidney injury on long-term sickness, like kidney ultrasound for blocks, bladder check for hold-up, and quick bedside ultrasound for body water levels, heart work, and lung water.
Indications for renal ultrasoundRecognizing hydronephrosis and obstructionBladder scan for retention and retention riskPOCUS for IVC and volume assessmentLung and cardiac POCUS in AKI on CKDLesson 7Key laboratory interpretation: creatinine kinetics, BUN/creatinine ratio, electrolytes, acid-base analysis, lactateWe focus on reading main blood tests in sudden kidney injury on long-term sickness, like creatinine changes over time, BUN to creatinine compare, salts, acid-base balance, and lactate, to separate sudden from old changes and guide quick fixes.
Creatinine trends and baseline estimationUsing BUN/creatinine ratio in contextElectrolyte patterns in AKI on CKDAcid–base analysis and anion gap useLactate, perfusion, and tissue hypoxiaLesson 8Decision-making for renal replacement therapy in AKI: indications, timing, modality selection (intermittent hemodialysis vs CRRT vs SLED)We cover choices for kidney replacement in sudden injury on long-term sickness, old signs, timing talks, and picking between short dialysis, continuous machine, or slow low dialysis based on blood pressure steady, tools at hand, and care aims.
Absolute and relative indications for RRTEarly versus delayed initiation strategiesChoosing intermittent HD versus CRRTWhen to use SLED and hybrid approachesAnticoagulation and access considerationsLesson 9Interdisciplinary communication with ICU, ED, primary teams and nursing for urgent AKI careWe stress good talk between intensive care, emergency, main doctors, and nurses for urgent sudden kidney care, focusing shared thinking, clear jobs, rise-up signs, and standard handovers to make care safe and better.
Essential data to share during handoffClarifying roles and responsibilitiesEscalation criteria and rapid responseCommunicating dialysis urgency and plansDocumentation and closed-loop communicationLesson 10Initial rapid bedside assessment: history, focused exam, volume status, hemodynamicsWe outline a clear bedside way for sudden kidney injury on long-term sickness, mixing patient story, aimed body check, water level check, and blood flow check to quickly find life dangers and likely causes.
Key history elements in AKI on CKDFocused exam for perfusion and congestionBedside tools for volume status assessmentBlood pressure, MAP, and perfusion targetsRisk stratification for deterioration and ICU
