Lesson 1How drugs move in body, forms, dosing times, and ways to give themThis part explains how GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products get absorbed, move around, break down, and leave the body, connecting this to dosing times, step-up plans, and how to give them.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyLesson 2Common good effects: sugar control, weight change, blood pressure and heart-kidney effectsThis part checks expected results of new drugs on HbA1c, fasting and after-eating sugar, body weight, blood pressure, and heart-kidney results. It points out differences between types, how dose affects results, and real goals for decisions together.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsLesson 3When not to use, warnings and special groups: kidney limits, liver problems, family thyroid cancer/MEN2, pregnancy and breastfeedingThis part covers when not to use new drugs and be careful, including kidney and liver problem levels, thyroid C-cell illness, MEN2, pregnancy, breastfeeding, weakness, and old patients, stressing weighing risks against benefits.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsLesson 4How they work: GLP-1 agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 mixesThis part explains how GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual and triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 mixes work, linking cell actions to clinic benefits, risks, and smart drug choices.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionLesson 5Reading and using guideline advice: how to get tips from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and local rules for treatment choice and orderThis part shows how to read ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and local guidelines. Focus is on pulling out strong advice, sorting differences, and turning plans into personal treatment choices and order.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesLesson 6Drug mixes with common medicines for diabetes, heart disease, and fat-lowering treatmentThis part looks at how new sugar-lowering drugs mix with common medicines for high blood pressure, heart failure, high fats, and blood clot prevention in diabetes, heart disease, and fat treatment, focusing on safety and good results with many drugs.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsLesson 7Reading study end results: HbA1c drop, body weight, big heart events, heart-failure hospital, kidney mixed resultsThis part teaches reading study end points like HbA1c drop, weight loss, big heart events, heart failure hospital stays, kidney mixed results, stressing real risk, number needed to treat, and what matters to patients.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesLesson 8Main bad effects and safety warnings: stomach effects, pancreas worries, normal-sugar DKA, private infections, low sugar risk with mixesThis part checks main bad effects of new drugs, like stomach upset, worry about pancreas swelling, sugar-normal DKA, private part infections, low sugar risk with mixes.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
