Lesson 1Earthing/grounding systems: design, testing (soil resistivity, fall-of-potential), touch/step potentials, and equipotential bondingLooks at grounding system design with grids, rods, and bonding. Includes soil resistivity tests, fall-of-potential method, touch and step potentials, and overseeing regular testing and fixes.
Grounding grid components and layoutSoil resistivity surveys and data useFall-of-potential and clamp-on testingTouch and step potential risk controlEquipotential bonding and continuity checksLesson 2Dry-type distribution transformers: construction, ventilation, loss mechanisms, and deratingLooks at dry-type transformer build, insulation, and cooling. Covers losses, heat rise, derating for high places and harmonics, and checks for dust, hot spots, and loose wires.
Core, windings, and insulation arrangementsVentilation paths, ducts, and enclosure typesNo-load and load losses, hotspots, and agingThermal classes, temperature rise, and sensorsDerating for altitude, harmonics, and enclosureLesson 3Station auxiliary systems: DC charging systems, battery types and maintenance, battery chargers, AC/DC distributionExplains DC systems for substations with battery banks, chargers, and distribution. Covers battery kinds, checks, capacity tests, charger settings, backups, and overseeing records and plans.
DC system roles in control and protectionBattery chemistries, sizing, and layoutBattery inspection, testing, and replacementCharger modes, settings, and alarmsDC panel distribution, fuses, and labelingLesson 4Cooling, ventilation, and HVAC for transformer rooms and control roomsExplains cooling and air needs for transformer and control rooms, heat load, air flow, filters. Covers backups, monitoring, alarms, and overseeing cleaning, filter swaps, and checks.
Heat load estimation and equipment lossesVentilation paths and airflow managementHVAC system types and redundancy optionsTemperature, humidity, and alarm settingsFilter maintenance and condenser cleaningLesson 5Protection relays: overcurrent, differential, gas (Buchholz), transformer protection schemes, and relay logicIntroduces relay types for transformer substations like overcurrent, differential, Buchholz. Covers logic diagrams, settings check, trip coordination, and overseeing tests, records, changes.
Overcurrent and earth fault relay functionsDifferential protection principles and settingsGas (Buchholz) relay operation and alarmsTransformer protection scheme architecturesRelay logic, interlocks, and trip testingLesson 6Electrical single-line diagrams, bus configurations, and substation layoutsCovers reading single-line diagrams, bus setups, substation plans. Focuses on power flow, isolation spots, equipment places for safe switching and maintenance planning.
Single-line symbols and notationsBus configurations and operating modesFeeder, transformer, and tie arrangementsPhysical layout of yards and roomsUsing drawings for switching and taggingLesson 7Circuit breaker types for 13.8 kV and 0.48 kV (vacuum, SF6, air), operating mechanisms, trip coils, and auxiliary contactsReviews medium and low voltage breakers like vacuum, SF6, air. Explains mechanisms, trip coils, auxiliary contacts, and overseeing inspections, timing tests, oiling, interlocks.
Vacuum, SF6, and air breaker applicationsInterrupting ratings, duty cycles, and limitsSpring, magnetic, and motor mechanismsTrip coils, close coils, and supervision relaysAuxiliary contacts, wiring, and interlocksLesson 8Power transformer design, ratings, cooling (ONAN/ONAF), OLTC construction and operationDetails power transformer ratings, impedance, vector groups, focus on ONAN/ONAF cooling. Explains OLTC parts, tap selector, diverter, control, and overseeing checks, oil tests, tap tests.
Nameplate data, MVA, voltage, and impedanceCooling modes ONAN, ONAF, and monitoring needsTemperature indicators, alarms, and tripsOLTC mechanical parts and oil compartmentsTap change control, sequencing, and testingLesson 9Instrumentation and metering: CTs/VTs, accuracy classes, wiring, and metering checksCovers CT/VT roles, accuracy classes, burden limits, polarity, wiring, isolation. Includes metering checks, ratio/phase verification, and overseeing tests and papers.
CT and VT roles in measurement and protectionAccuracy classes, burden, and saturation limitsPolarity, phase orientation, and marking checksWiring diagrams, terminal blocks, and shieldingMetering test plans, ratios, and error evaluationLesson 10Oil handling systems: filtration, storage, filling, and safety measures for oil-immersed transformersDescribes oil handling for power transformers: storage, filtration, filling. Covers contamination risks, safety, spill control, and overseeing contractors, test reports, procedures.
Oil properties, tests, and acceptance limitsStorage tanks, drums, and labeling rulesFiltration, dehydration, and degassing stepsFilling, topping up, and sampling methodsSpill response, fire safety, and PPE useLesson 11Human-machine interfaces and SCADA basics relevant to substation monitoring and alarmsIntroduces HMI/SCADA for substation monitoring, control, alarms. Covers setups, links, screens, alarm handling, logs, and overseeing access and changes.
SCADA architecture and data flow overviewHMI screen types, mimic diagrams, and trendsAlarm priorities, filtering, and responseEvent logs, SOE, and disturbance recordsUser roles, passwords, and change trackingLesson 12Standards, codes, and regulatory compliance relevant to substations (IEC, IEEE, local regulations)Summarizes key IEC, IEEE, local standards for substation design, equipment, maintenance. Stresses supervisor roles in compliance, papers, audits, code updates.
IEC and IEEE standards for transformersBreaker, relay, and DC system standardsGrounding, insulation, and safety standardsLocal electrical codes and permitting needsCompliance audits, records, and updates
