Lesson 1Cardiac silhouette and pericardial contours: right and left heart borders, normal cardiothoracic ratioWe go cover normal heart shape for PA chest x-ray, including right and left heart borders, big vessel lines, and heart-to-chest ratio. You go learn how to measure am, describe am, and know normal changes from real big heart.
Right heart border and right atrial interfaceLeft heart border and left ventricular contourPulmonary artery segment and aortic knobMeasuring the cardiothoracic ratio on PAPericardial fat pads and normal variantsLesson 2Lungs zones and common normal variants: apices, mid zones, bases, emphysematous changes, scarring vs. acute processesWe go look how lungs divide into top, middle, and bottom parts for PA x-ray. We go talk common normal changes like small scars, emphysema signs, and age things, and how to separate dem from sudden sickness.
Defining apical, mid, and basal lung zonesNormal vascular pattern in each lung zoneApical pleural thickening and old scarringAge-related hyperinflation and emphysemaDistinguishing chronic change from acute opacityLesson 3Pleura and diaphragms: costophrenic angles, hemidiaphragm contours, normal pleural reflectionsWe go check normal pleura lines and diaphragm shapes for PA chest x-ray. Focus on costophrenic angles, each side diaphragm shape, stomach bubble, and small pleura lines so you no go call fluid or air for chest by mistake.
Sharp costophrenic and cardiophrenic anglesRight versus left hemidiaphragm heightGastric bubble and subdiaphragmatic gasNormal pleural reflections and fissure linesSubpulmonic effusion mimics and pitfallsLesson 4Common technical pitfalls and how they alter anatomy appearance: rotation, AP vs PA projection effects, under/overexposureWe go explain how technical issues change how chest anatomy look for PA and AP x-ray. Focus on body turn, projection type, light exposure, and breath in, showing how each fit pretend sickness or hide am, and how to spot bad pictures.
Assessing rotation using clavicular headsAP versus PA projection and heart sizeEffects of underexposure on lung detailEffects of overexposure on mediastinal linesInadequate inspiration and crowding of vesselsLesson 5Mediastinal and central thoracic landmarks: trachea, carina, main bronchi, aortic knuckle, superior mediastinumWe go review key middle chest and central landmarks for PA chest x-ray. Stress on knowing normal places, shapes, and connections of airway, big vessels, and top middle chest to separate normal from sickness.
Tracheal air column and midline alignmentCarina position and main bronchi anglesAortic knuckle and aortopulmonary windowSuperior mediastinal width and contoursRight and left paratracheal stripesLesson 6Chest wall and osseous structures: ribs, clavicles, scapulae, vertebral bodies and typical appearances on PA viewWe go cover normal look of chest wall and bones for PA x-ray. Include ribs, collarbones, shoulder blades, breastbone, and chest spine, stressing alignment, bone edges, and common harmless changes wey fit pretend sickness.
Anterior and posterior rib contoursClavicular alignment and rotation cluesScapular borders and projection artifactsThoracic vertebral bodies and disc spacesSternal and costochondral joint variantsLesson 7Reference sources and image atlas orientation: how to use standard textbooks and online radiology teaching libraries to confirm normal appearancesWe go guide you on using reference books and online picture collections to confirm normal chest x-ray anatomy. Cover how to navigate dem, search well, and compare patient pictures with good normal examples for your own learning.
Selecting core chest radiology textbooksNavigating online teaching file librariesComparing patient films with normal atlasesUsing annotated images to learn landmarksBuilding a personal reference image archiveLesson 8Systematic reporting checklist for a normal PA chest X-ray: at least 10 structures to comment on and sample normal descriptionsWe go give you one structured, easy-to-use checklist for reading normal PA chest x-ray. Guide you step by step through lines, bones, soft parts, lungs, pleura, middle chest, heart, diaphragm, and upper belly with example normal words.
Initial image details and technical assessmentSoft tissues, chest wall, and visible neckBones: ribs, clavicles, scapulae, spineMediastinum, trachea, and cardiac silhouetteLungs, hila, pleura, diaphragm, upper abdomenLesson 9External patient factors and correct PA technique: positioning, inspiration, rotation, exposureWe go describe correct patient position and PA method for chest x-ray. Highlight effects of turn, breath in, shoulder blade place, and light on picture quality, and give practical rules for accept or do again.
Standard PA positioning and focal distanceChin, scapulae, and arm placementEvaluating adequacy of inspiration on PARotation assessment using spinous processesExposure criteria for mediastinum and lungsLesson 10Pulmonary hila and vasculature: pulmonary arteries and veins, bronchovascular markings, hilar symmetryWe go detail normal look of lung roots and blood vessels for PA x-ray. Stress relative places, size, and thickness of root shadows, airway-vessel marks, and how vessels get thin from center to edge of lungs.
Right versus left hilar position and heightNormal hilar vessel size and densityBronchovascular markings to lung peripheryVascular tapering and pruning patternsRecognizing normal hilar lymph node silhouettes
