Lesson 1Relevant laboratory and bedside tests: CBC, coagulation panel, type & screen, blood gas indicationsDis sum up key lab and side bed tests for heavy nosebleed, like full blood count, blood clot check, blood type, kidney work, and when to do blood gas, show how results guide help and turn back medicine.
CBC interpretation in acute blood lossCoagulation panel and mixing study basicsType and screen, crossmatch and timingRenal and liver tests affecting hemostasisWhen blood gas analysis is indicatedLesson 2Anterior nasal packing: types (merocel, ribbon gauze with topical agents), insertion technique, analgesiaDis review kinds of front nose packing like Merocel and ribbon gauze with local medicine, when to use and not use, how to put am step by step, pain relief and sleep small, and watch after put am.
Choosing Merocel versus ribbon gauze packsTopical vasoconstrictors and hemostatic agentsStepwise insertion technique for anterior packsAnalgesia, sedation and patient counselingPost‑placement monitoring and removal timingLesson 3When to escalate: failure of packing, transfusion thresholds, angioembolization indications and referral criteriaDis show when nosebleed wey no stop need more help pass normal, spot packing fail, when to give blood, when for block vessel with machine, and when to send ENT or higher place and ICU.
Defining failure of anterior and posterior packingTransfusion thresholds in unstable epistaxisIndications for urgent ENT or ICU consultationWhen to request interventional radiology embolizationCriteria for transfer to higher level of careLesson 4Immediate resuscitation: airway protection, breathing, circulation, IV access, monitoringDis describe quick help priorities for heavy nosebleed with airway-breathing-circulation way, protect airway, oxygen, IV line, fluid and blood, watch, and early call for help.
Airway assessment and protection strategiesPositioning and oxygen delivery methodsEstablishing IV access and fluid resuscitationMassive transfusion and blood product useContinuous monitoring and team communicationLesson 5Posterior packing and balloon devices: indications, insertion technique, potential complicationsDis talk when to use back nose packing and balloon, step by step put am, check if e good, pain relief and watch, and spot and handle problems like low oxygen, dead tissue, heart beat wahala.
Recognizing posterior epistaxis candidatesTypes of posterior packs and balloon systemsInsertion technique and placement confirmationAnalgesia, sedation and airway precautionsMonitoring and managing complicationsLesson 6Anterior nasal cautery: indications, technique (silver nitrate), contraindications and safetyDis cover when to burn front nose for nosebleed, pick right patient, silver nitrate way, tools need, no go for blood thinner or high danger patient, and safe ways to no hurt wall or airway.
Identifying suitable anterior bleeding sitesRequired equipment and preparation stepsStepwise silver nitrate cautery techniqueContraindications and high‑risk situationsComplications, prevention and aftercareLesson 7Anticoagulation management: reversal agents for warfarin, DOACs, heparin; timing and collaboration with hematologyDis review handle blood thinner for heavy nosebleed, turn back for warfarin, DOACs, heparin, when to turn pass stop bleed, risk-benefit talk, and work with blood doctor and heart doctor.
Risk stratification for holding anticoagulantsWarfarin reversal: vitamin K and PCC useDOAC reversal agents and timingHeparin and LMWH reversal strategiesConsulting hematology and cardiology teamsLesson 8Focused history and physical exam for epistaxis: bleeding source, anticoagulants, comorbiditiesDis detail short history and body check for heavy nosebleed, stress when bleed start, which side, blood thinner use, other sick, past time, nose check to find place, and spot warning for other sick.
Key questions about onset, pattern and triggersDocumenting anticoagulants and antiplatelet agentsAssessing comorbidities and bleeding historyFocused nasal and oropharyngeal examinationRed flags for tumors, trauma or systemic diseaseLesson 9Admission criteria, monitoring plan, discharge instructions, and outpatient follow-upDis set when to admit for heavy nosebleed, like body not steady and high danger other sick, watch plan, ward orders, go home talk, and clinic follow to cut come back and problems.
Indications for hospital or ICU admissionVital sign and airway monitoring protocolsInpatient orders and nursing instructionsSafe discharge criteria and home care adviceTiming and content of outpatient follow‑upLesson 10Local measures to control bleeding: pressure, topical vasoconstrictors, topical anesthetic techniquesDis explain first local ways to stop nosebleed, proper nose press way, patient sit, local tight blood medicine, and local sleep methods wey make comfort and see well no pass body.
Correct external nasal pressure techniqueOptimal patient positioning and suction useSelection and dosing of topical vasoconstrictorsTopical anesthetic choices and applicationAvoiding systemic toxicity from topical agents
