Lesson 1Enhancement reagents and enzymes (e.g., anti-human globulin [AHG], potentiators) and their indicationsE dey describe enhancement reagents and enzymes like AHG, LISS, PEG, and proteolytic enzymes. E cover mechanisms, indications, limitations, and safety considerations in antibody detection and compatibility testing.
Direct and indirect AHG test principlesLISS, PEG, and other potentiatorsEnzymes and their effects on antigensIndications for using enhancement mediaLimitations, pitfalls, and safety issuesLesson 2Advantages and limitations of each method and criteria for selecting an approach in emergency transfusion settingsE dey analyze advantages and limitations of each grouping method, including tube, slide, microplate, and gel. E provide criteria for selecting methods in emergencies, massive transfusion, and resource-limited environments.
Strengths and weaknesses of tube testingPros and cons of slide and microplate useBenefits and limits of gel technologyChoosing methods in emergency settingsBalancing speed, accuracy, and resourcesLesson 3Comparison of methods: tube (classic), slide, microplate, and gel column techniques — principles, sensitivity, specificity, throughputE dey compare tube, slide, microplate, and gel column agglutination methods. E explain principles, workflow, sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and typical use cases in routine, reference, and high-volume laboratories.
Principles of tube agglutination testingSlide method workflow and limitationsMicroplate automation and throughputGel column technology and interpretationComparing sensitivity and specificityLesson 4Equipment list and maintenance: centrifuges, incubators, pipettes, rotators, gel card readers, microscopes, and safety equipmentE dey review essential equipment for blood grouping, including centrifuges, incubators, pipettes, rotators, gel card readers, microscopes, and safety devices. E discuss calibration, preventive maintenance, and performance checks.
Centrifuges and rotor performance checksIncubators, temperature mapping, alarmsPipettes, rotators, and mixers verificationGel card readers and microscopes carePreventive maintenance and service recordsLesson 5Reagent red cells for reverse grouping: pooled A1, B, and O cells — preparation, storage, and quality checksE dey focus on reagent red cells used for reverse grouping, including A1, B, and O cells. E describe preparation, pooling, labeling, storage, stability, and quality checks to ensure reliable reverse typing results.
Selection of A1, B, and O donor cellsPreparation and pooling of reagent cellsLabeling, storage, and stability limitsDaily quality checks and grading reactionsTroubleshooting weak or unexpected resultsLesson 6Monoclonal and polyclonal reagents: anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB, anti-D (IgG/IgM blends) characteristics and expiry/lot testingE dey explore monoclonal and polyclonal anti-A, anti-B, anti-AB, and anti-D reagents, including IgG/IgM blends. E cover specificity, avidity, performance limits, storage, stability, expiry, and lot acceptance testing in routine use.
Monoclonal vs polyclonal reagent propertiesAnti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB performance featuresAnti-D IgG, IgM, and blend characteristicsStorage, stability, and expiry managementNew lot verification and acceptance testsLesson 7Regulatory and manufacturer instructions: following IFU, lot-to-lot verification, and documenting method validation/competencyE dey detail regulatory expectations and manufacturer instructions for use. E emphasize adherence to IFU, lot-to-lot verification, method validation, competency assessment, and documentation needed for audits and accreditation.
Reading and interpreting reagent IFURegulatory and accreditation requirementsLot-to-lot verification planningMethod validation and verification recordsCompetency assessment and retrainingLesson 8Control materials: positive/negative controls for ABO and Rh, weak D and reagent verification controlsE dey cover selection and use of positive and negative controls for ABO and Rh testing. E include weak D controls, reagent verification controls, frequency of use, troubleshooting failures, and documentation of control results.
Types of positive and negative controlsABO forward and reverse grouping controlsRh and weak D control strategiesReagent verification and daily QCInterpreting and documenting control failures
