Lesson 1Pharmacokinetics, formulations, dosing schedules, and routes of administrationThis part explains absorption, distribution, metabolism, and clearance of GLP-1 RAs, dual incretins, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 products, connecting pharmacokinetics to dosing times, titration, and route choice.
Onset, peak, and duration of GLP-1 receptor agonistsOral versus injectable incretin formulationsRenal handling and half-life of SGLT2 inhibitorsFixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 titration strategiesAdjusting doses in organ dysfunction and frailtyLesson 2Common therapeutic effects: glycemic control, weight change, blood pressure and cardiorenal effectsThis part reviews expected effects of newer agents on HbA1c, fasting and postprandial glucose, body weight, blood pressure, and cardiorenal outcomes. It shows class differences, dose-response patterns, and realistic targets for shared decisions.
HbA1c and time-in-range improvements by classWeight loss profiles of GLP-1 and dual incretinsBlood pressure and volume effects of SGLT2 inhibitorsCardiovascular outcome benefits and neutral findingsRenal protection and albuminuria reduction patternsLesson 3Contraindications, cautions and special populations: renal impairment thresholds, hepatic impairment, personal/family medullary thyroid carcinoma/MEN2, pregnancy and lactationThis part covers no-go areas and cautions for newer agents, including kidney and liver problem thresholds, thyroid C-cell disease, MEN2, pregnancy, breastfeeding, frailty, and old patients, stressing risk-benefit check.
eGFR thresholds for SGLT2 and incretin therapiesHepatic impairment and dose adjustment needsMedullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 precautionsUse in pregnancy, lactation, and preconceptionElderly, frail, and multimorbid patient considerationsLesson 4Mechanisms of action: GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combosThis part explains how GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual and triple incretin agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 combos work, linking molecular actions to clinical benefits, risks, and smart drug choice.
GLP-1 receptor signaling and beta-cell effectsDual and triple incretin agonists: rationale and dataRenal glucose transport and SGLT2 inhibitionSynergy in fixed-ratio insulin/GLP-1 productsMechanistic basis for cardiorenal protectionLesson 5Reading and applying guideline statements: how to extract recommendations from ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and national guidelines for therapy choice and sequencingThis part shows how to read ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO, and national guidelines. Focus is on pulling out graded recommendations, sorting differences, and turning algorithms into personal therapy choices and order.
Structure of ADA, EASD, ESC, KDIGO documentsStrength of recommendation and evidence gradingPrioritizing cardiorenal risk in treatment algorithmsReconciling conflicting guidance across societiesAdapting global guidance to national formulariesLesson 6Drug interactions with commonly used medications in diabetes, CV disease, and lipid-lowering therapyThis part checks pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between newer sugar-lowering drugs and common meds for high blood pressure, heart failure, high lipids, and antiplatelet therapy, focusing on safety and efficacy in many meds.
Interactions with ACE inhibitors and ARBsLoop and thiazide diuretics with SGLT2 inhibitorsStatins, fibrates, and newer glucose-lowering drugsAntiplatelet and anticoagulant co-therapy issuesManaging complex polypharmacy in older adultsLesson 7Interpreting clinical trial endpoints: HbA1c reduction, body weight, MACE, heart-failure hospitalization, renal composite outcomesThis part teaches reading clinical trial endpoints, like HbA1c change, weight loss, MACE, heart-failure hospital stay, renal composites, and safety outcomes, stressing absolute risk, NNT, and patient-centered meaning.
Glycemic endpoints: HbA1c, TIR, and durabilityWeight and metabolic syndrome outcomesMACE and expanded cardiovascular endpointsHeart-failure hospitalization and diuretic sparingRenal composite endpoints and slope analysesLesson 8Major adverse effects and safety signals: GI effects, pancreatitis concerns, euglycemic DKA, genital infections, hypoglycemia risk with combosThis part reviews main bad effects of newer agents, including stomach trouble, pancreatitis worries, euglycemic DKA, genital and urine infections, volume loss, and low sugar when mixed with insulin or sulfonylureas.
Gastrointestinal effects and mitigation strategiesPancreatitis and gallbladder disease signalsEuglycemic DKA: recognition and preventionGenital and urinary infections with SGLT2 drugsHypoglycemia risk in combination regimens
