Lesson 1Indications for revascularisation: endovascular vs open surgery, patient selection, peri-procedural planning, and outcomesE dey show when to think about revascularisation for leg pain when walking and serious limb lack of blood. E dey compare endovascular and open surgery options, choosing patients, planning around procedure, and real expectations for keeping open and function.
Indications in claudication versus CLIEndovascular techniques and devicesOpen surgical bypass principlesAnatomic and clinical selection factorsOutcome expectations and complication risksLesson 2Medical management: antiplatelet therapy, statins, antihypertensives, glycemic control — drug classes, example agents, targets, and evidence basisE dey look at antiplatelet drugs, statins, blood pressure meds, and sugar control drugs for PAD. E dey stress treatment goals, big studies, choosing drugs with other sicknesses, and ways to help stick to meds and cut side effects.
Antiplatelet options and dosing in PADLipid lowering intensity and statin choiceBlood pressure targets and drug classesGlycemic control strategies in PADPolypharmacy, adherence, and monitoringLesson 3Ankle-brachial index (ABI): technique, interpretation, and limitations (including falsely elevated ABI)E dey give step-by-step way to measure ABI, prepare patient, and set up tools. E dey explain reading levels, problems like hard arteries, and other tests when ABI no good or too high.
Patient positioning and cuff selectionDoppler probe placement and readingsABI calculation and cutoff valuesRecognizing falsely elevated ABIWhen to use TBI or other adjunct testsLesson 4Duplex ultrasonography for PAD: waveform analysis, peak systolic velocity ratios, and segmental localisationE dey explain duplex ultrasound science for PAD, how to scan, and check parts. E dey focus on wave shapes, top speed ratios, and ways to grade narrowings and find big blockages.
Probe selection and patient positioningArterial mapping and segmental approachWaveform patterns in health and diseasePeak systolic velocity ratio criteriaReporting and documentation standardsLesson 5Advanced vascular imaging: CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA indications, protocols, and common artifactsE dey cover CTA and contrast MRA when to use, no-go areas, and best ways. E dey review getting images, rebuilding, and spotting common fake signs that look like or hide artery disease.
Patient selection for CTA versus MRAContrast use, dosing, and safety issuesAcquisition parameters and reconstructionRecognition of motion and metal artifactsStrategies to reduce artifacts and misreadsLesson 6Pathophysiology of atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) and risk factorsE dey look deep into how plaque builds in leg arteries, how e grow, and blood flow problems. E dey stress body-wide risks, how dem mix, and how dem cause limb lack blood and heart issues.
Atherogenesis in peripheral arterial bedsEndothelial dysfunction and inflammationHemodynamic impact of stenosis and occlusionTraditional and emerging PAD risk factorsRisk factor clustering and global CV riskLesson 7Noninvasive functional tests: treadmill testing, toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2)E dey detail ways for treadmill test, toe-brachial index, and TcPO2. E dey focus on standard ways, safety, reading levels, and how dese tests help diagnose, predict, and choose treatment for PAD.
Treadmill protocols and safety measuresTreadmill test interpretation in PADToe-brachial index technique and cutoffsTcPO2 measurement setup and calibrationFunctional tests in treatment decision-makingLesson 8Follow-up strategies for PAD patients: frequency, surveillance tests, wound care referral triggers, and secondary prevention metricsE dey outline regular check times after PAD diagnosis or fix. E dey review watch tests, wound checks, when to send to wound care, and track prevention to cut limb loss and heart events.
Post-intervention surveillance schedulesUse of ABI and duplex in follow-upFoot exams and wound referral criteriaMonitoring risk factor control metricsPatient education and self-care plansLesson 9Exercise therapy and supervised walking programmes: prescription, expected benefits, and monitoringE dey describe guided walking, home exercises, and planned prescriptions. E dey talk mechanisms, time for gains, no-go areas, and tools to check sticking, symptoms, and improvements.
Exercise prescription components in PADSupervised versus home-based programsMechanisms of improved walking distanceMonitoring symptoms and functional gainsContraindications and safety precautionsLesson 10Clinical presentation and differential diagnoses of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischemiaE dey clear up common signs of walking pain and serious limb lack blood. E dey separate PAD from nerve, muscle, vein leg pains, to guide checks and quick send for advanced care.
Typical intermittent claudication featuresSigns of critical limb ischemiaNeurogenic versus vascular claudicationMusculoskeletal and venous mimickersKey history and exam for differentiationLesson 11Acute limb ischemia recognition and first 24–48 hour management: anticoagulation, vascular surgery consult, thrombolysis and embolectomy basicsE dey handle quick spot of sudden limb lack blood, bed checks, risk levels. E dey outline start blood thinners, image choices, and work with surgeons for clot busters, removal, or urgent fix.
Clinical classification of acute limb ischemiaBedside vascular exam and Doppler useInitial anticoagulation and monitoringIndications for urgent vascular consultBasics of thrombolysis and embolectomy
