Lesson 1Interpreting credit ratings and bank risk assessments for mid-cap industrial borrowersThis part explains how rating companies and banks check medium-sized factory borrowers, making clear the rating levels, score sheets, quality changes, and how these checks affect prices, agreements, and getting funds.
Rating scales, outlooks, and default probabilitiesBank internal rating models and scorecardsQualitative factors in industrial credit reviewsLink between ratings, pricing, and covenantsLesson 2Benchmarking capital structure: typical debt/equity ranges and ratio interpretation using 2–3 public comparatorsThis part explains how to compare capital setup using public similar companies, defining usual debt to equity ranges, understanding leverage spread, and using 2–3 comparators to set target ratios and lender comfort levels.
Defining peer-based target leverage rangesDebt to equity and net debt to EBITDA bandsUsing 2–3 peers to frame rating expectationsAdjusting benchmarks for size and business riskLesson 3Liquidity and working capital analysis: DSO, DPO, DIO, and cash conversion cycleThis part looks at liquidity and working capital for makers, focusing on DSO, DPO, DIO, and the cash conversion cycle, and explains how rules, seasons, and supply chain terms affect cash needs and bank support.
Calculating DSO, DPO, and DIO accuratelyInterpreting the cash conversion cycleInventory, receivables, and payables policiesLink to liquidity lines and factoring usageLesson 4Sourcing and citing public financial data and analyst reports (EDGAR, Company filings, Bloomberg/Refinitiv basics, national registries)This part shows key places for public financial and market data, including EDGAR, company papers, Bloomberg or Refinitiv, and national records, and explains how to pull out, match up, and properly quote figures and comments.
Reading annual reports and interim filingsBasics of Bloomberg and Refinitiv functionsUsing national company registries in EuropeReferencing analyst reports and consensus dataLesson 5Calculating and interpreting profitability metrics: EBITDA margin, net margin, ROCE, ROEThis part builds main profit measures for industrials, including EBITDA margin, net margin, ROCE, and ROE, and shows how to adjust for one-off items, compare to peers, and link returns to capital setup choices.
EBITDA and net margin drivers in manufacturingROCE: capital employed and operating returnsROE: leverage effects and sustainabilityPeer benchmarking of profitability levelsLesson 6Cash flow analysis: operating cash flow, free cash flow, and conversion ratiosThis part checks cash flow statements for factory firms, focusing on operating cash flow, free cash flow, and conversion ratios, and shows how to spot earnings quality problems, funding shortfalls, and ability for debt payment.
Structure of industrial cash flow statementsOperating cash flow versus EBITDA conversionFree cash flow after capex and dividendsCash flow coverage of interest and amortizationLesson 7Assessing company-specific risk profile: market, operational, currency, country, and sectoral risks relevant to automotive and renewable suppliersThis part checks company-specific risk for car and renewable suppliers, covering market, operational, currency, country, and sector risks, and links these to ratings, needed returns, and financing terms.
Market and demand risks in cyclical end-marketsOperational and supply chain disruption risksCurrency and country risk in sourcing and salesSector-specific risks in auto and renewablesLesson 8Interpreting income statement and balance sheet indicators for mid-sized manufacturing firmsThis part focuses on reading income statements and balance sheets for medium-sized makers, highlighting revenue quality, cost setup, asset heaviness, and key signs that show business strength, efficiency, and financial bend.
Revenue mix, cyclicality, and customer dependenceCost structure, operating leverage, and marginsAsset base, fixed assets, and capital intensityBalance sheet strength and capital employedLesson 9Leverage and solvency metrics: net debt/EBITDA, debt/EBIT, interest coverage, current and quick ratiosThis part details leverage and solvency ratios used in credit checks, including net debt to EBITDA, debt to EBIT, interest coverage, and liquidity ratios, and explains limits, changes, and meaning across cycles.
Net debt to EBITDA: definition and adjustmentsDebt to EBIT and sensitivity to downturnsInterest coverage and covenant headroomCurrent and quick ratios in industrial contextsLesson 10Comparable company selection: criteria and sourcing financials for European industrial firmsThis part covers how to pick similar European factory companies, defining screening rules, segment filters, and data places, and making sure chosen peers match similar risk, growth, and capital heaviness profiles.
Industry, size, and geographic screening criteriaBusiness model and product mix alignmentUsing databases and exchanges for peer listsCleaning and validating peer financial data
