Lesson 1Compounding procedures for oral liquids: wetting, triturating, levigating, and homogenisation techniques; equipment and in-process controlsThis section describes stepwise compounding of paediatric oral liquids, including calculations, trituration, wetting, levigation, dilution, homogenisation, filtration, and in-process controls to ensure uniformity, stability, and microbiological quality.
Pre-compounding checks and calculationsTrituration, wetting, and levigation stepsOrder of mixing and volume make-upHomogenization and de-aeration methodsIn-process controls and documentationLesson 2Stability, beyond-use dating, storage, and transport for paediatric liquids; container selection and oral dosing devicesThis section details stability factors for paediatric liquids, including degradation pathways, microbial risks, beyond-use dating, and how container, closure, storage, and transport conditions affect quality, safety, and dose reliability.
Degradation pathways in aqueous preparationsMicrobial growth risks and preservative needsAssigning evidence-based beyond-use datesContainer and closure selection criteriaStorage, transport, and temperature controlLesson 3Selection of dosage form: solution vs suspension vs syrup — advantages and limitationsThis section compares solutions, suspensions, and syrups for paediatric use, outlining advantages, limitations, and selection criteria related to API properties, dosing flexibility, stability, palatability, and risk of dosing errors.
Characteristics of oral solutionsCharacteristics of oral suspensionsCharacteristics of syrups and elixirsComparing stability and dose uniformityChoosing dosage form for specific APIsLesson 4Clinical considerations for paediatric patients: dosing by weight, formulation acceptability, and administration aidsThis section addresses clinical aspects of paediatric therapy with oral liquids, including weight-based dosing, age-appropriate volumes, formulation acceptability, administration aids, and strategies to improve adherence and minimise errors.
Weight- and BSA-based dose calculationsAge-appropriate dosing volumesAssessing taste and texture acceptabilityAdministration aids and positioningAdherence barriers and mitigationLesson 5Labelling, counselling, and safety: dosing instructions, adverse effect monitoring, measuring devices, and caregiver counsellingThis section focuses on safe use of paediatric liquids through clear labelling, accurate dosing instructions, caregiver counselling, and monitoring for adverse effects, emphasising error prevention and correct use of measuring devices.
Essential label elements for pediatric liquidsWriting clear, error-resistant directionsSelecting and teaching dosing devicesCaregiver counseling and demonstrationMonitoring adherence and adverse effectsLesson 6Calculation workflows: converting tablet strengths to liquid concentrations and calculating beyond-use quantities and unit dosesThis section develops calculation workflows for extemporaneous paediatric liquids, covering conversion of solid strengths to target concentrations, determining batch sizes, beyond-use quantities, and accurate unit-dose volumes.
Defining target concentration and volumeConverting tablets or capsules to liquidsAlligation and dilution calculationsDetermining batch size and overfillCalculating and labeling unit dosesLesson 7Excipients for oral paediatric liquids: vehicles, suspending agents, sweeteners, preservatives, buffers, and thickening agents (roles and safety limits)This section reviews excipients used in paediatric liquids, including vehicles, sweeteners, preservatives, buffers, and thickeners, highlighting functional roles, typical concentration ranges, safety limits, and age-related restrictions.
Aqueous vehicles and cosolvent systemsSuspending and viscosity-building agentsSweeteners and flavoring for palatabilityPreservatives, buffers, and antioxidantsAge-related excipient safety concernsLesson 8Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) properties: solubility, stability, taste masking, and pKa effects on formulationThis section examines how solubility, pKa, stability, and organoleptic profile of APIs influence paediatric liquid design, guiding selection of vehicles, pH adjustment, taste masking strategies, and need for suspensions or solutions.
Aqueous solubility and biopharmaceutic impactpKa, ionization, and pH adjustment strategiesChemical and physical stability in liquid mediaTaste, odor, and bitterness masking optionsChoosing solution vs suspension from API traits
